Group Dynamicss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group Dynamicss - Essay Example They help generate group synergy, which lead to increased accomplishment above the aggregate of individual efforts. This paper presents a team outline of the principal team within which I work. It also provides a description and analysis of the roles of the team members with reference to the Meredith Belbin team/group work role theory as discussed in taught sessions and supporting reading materials. This paper also presents an ongoing reflection of my own teamwork skills which recognises my individual strengths and weakness. It presents a reflection on my strengths and weaknesses in terms of communication with others including giving and receiving feedback. Finally, it presents a conclusion of the findings from literature and discussion underlined. A team outline implies to an arrangement of a single team or multifaceted team structure. According to Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009), a team outline is a fundamental part of a teamwork development. A suitably outlined nursing team entails a proper framework that facilitates a characteristic care plan, intervention and treatment. Additionally, it entails a useful integration of operational communication, leadership, situation evaluation and joint efforts. According to Nancarrow, Moran, Enderby, Freeman and Dixon (2009), an appropriate team outline, in a nursing environment, can advance joint effort by integrating a selected leader, which includes the patient, care givers and the family. Over and above join efforts helps every group member to take part in the activities of the team and further fosters accountability in member’s actions. Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009) claim that everyone in a teamwork setting must identify their team outline in order to help plan and achieve the set goals or objectives. The following is an outline of the principal team within which I work: nurse manager, director of nurses, patient, physician, doctor, pharmacists, clinical care providers, staff nurses, ethics committees

Bonds and Their Valuation Mini-Case Essay Example for Free

Bonds and Their Valuation Mini-Case Essay Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice-presidents of Mutual of Seattle Insurance Company and co-directors of the companys pension fund management division. A major new client, the Northwestern Municipal Alliance, has requested that Mutual of Seattle present an investment seminar to the mayors of the represented cities, and Strother and Tibbs, who will make the actual presentation, have asked you to help them by answering the following questions. Because the Boeing Company operates in one of the leagues cities, you are to work Boeing into the presentation. a.What are the key features of a bond? Answer: 1.Par or face value. We generally assume a $1,000 par value, but par can be anything, and often $5,000 or more is used. With registered bonds, which is what are issued today, if you bought $50,000 worth, that amount would appear on the certificate. 2.Coupon rate. The dollar coupon is the rent on the money borrowed, which is generally the par value of the bond. The coupon rate is the annual interest payment divided by the par value, and it is generally set at the value of r on the day the bond is issued. 3.Maturity. This is the number of years until the bond matures and the issuer must repay the loan (return the par value). 4.Issue date. This is the date the bonds were issued. 5.Default risk is inherent in all bonds except treasury bondswill the issuer have the cash to make the promised payments? Bonds are rated from AAA to D, and the lower the rating the riskier the bond, the higher its default risk premium, and, consequently, the higher its required rate of return.

Matters Of Fact Relations Of Ideas Philosophy Essay

Matters Of Fact Relations Of Ideas Philosophy Essay Humes fork has two kinds of judgments. The one prong is known as matters of fact. Matters of fact are known to be true on the basis of experience. They are usually empirically verifiable and contingently true. That is, they vary based on the world. An example of a statement that Hume would classify as a matter of fact is The sun rose today or I exist. The other prong on Humes fork is called relations of ideas. Relations of ideas are known to be true independent of experience. They are self-evidently true. That is, if someone were to deny it as true, then they would be in contradiction. An example of this is All fathers are male. b. Define these 3 kinds of judgments identified by Kant, and give one example of each: a priori analytic, a posteriori synthetic, a priori synthetic. Believing that Humes fork was not fully correct, Kant came up with his three types of judgments. The first of which was the a priori analytic. A priori analytic statements are similar to Humes Relations of Ideas. That is, these statements allow one to gain knowledge without appealing to any particular experience as well as they are not expansive but explicative. In other words, they are self-evidently true and if one is to deny this, they would be in contradiction. An example of this would be A bachelor is an unmarried man. That is, the validity of this statement is tautological. A second type of Kantian judgment is known as a posteriori synthetic. A posteriori synthetic judgments are similar to Humes Matters of Fact. They are a posteriori because they are contingent facts that usually appeal to some particular experience to be known. They are synthetic as they are expansive, as they expand on the subject. An example of this kind of judgment would be Some triangles are isosceles or Ryan is wearing a red hat. Both of these require some experience that would allow for one to determine the truth value of the statements. Another way to think of examples of synthetic a posteriori statements is by thinking of possible worlds. That is, a statement that is synthetic a posteriori would be one that you can imagine a possible world with it without causing a contradiction. An example would be the sun is yellow. Obviously we can agree that in this possible world it is yellow, however, in another possible world, the sun could be bright purple and it would not cause a contr adiction. A third type of Kantian judgment, which Kant adds to correct Hume, is known as synthetic a priori. This doesnt relate to any of Humes fork. As previously mentioned, it says a synthetic statement as it is expansive and its a priori they can be known without experience. It seems difficult to understand, yet this is what Kant brings in order to allow for metaphysics and even pure mathematics. An example of a synthetic a priori statement would be Every event has a cause. This is a synthetic a priori as we know it is true without having to experience it, but it is synthetic as it is expansive and not explicative. c. Briefly, what kind of judgment does Hume take mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12, to be? What kind of judgment does Kant take mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12, to be? Hume and Kant have different views when it comes to mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12. Hume would say that the statement 7+5=12 is a relation of ideas as it is a mathematical claim. That is, he views that if you deny 7 add 5 as the same as 12, you would be in contradiction. That is, 7+5 is defined as being equivalent to 12. Kant would have a differing view when it comes to mathematical claims. Kant would say that 7+5=12 is a synthetic a priori statement. This is because Kant feels that 7+5 does not contain the concept of 12. That is, you can think of the prior without the second, which is what makes Kant feel it is synthetic, but as with most math principles, they are not seen in the world and are considered by Kant to be a part of the laws of nature. Therefore, Kant views them as a priori. d. What is Kants answer to the question: How is pure mathematics possible? Kants answer to the question how is pure mathematics possible is a very long one. In fact, it takes up a large section in his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. He does this by explaining his Copernican revolution of space and time. Kant feels that space and time serve as indispensable tools that help arrange and categorize the images of objects imported by our sensory organs. Anything we see or hear would be useless unless our minds have some space and time to make sense of it. Kant, unlike Hume, wants it to be possible for us to have knowledge outside of experience. He writes if intuition must conform to the constitution of the objects, I do not see how we could know anything of the latter a priori. (pg. 516) Yet, Kant feels that pure mathematics is only possible if we allow for a synthetic a priori statement to exist. (pg. 555) That is, a priori intuition would allow for the appearance of objects to be possible to us. Kant feels strongly that pure mathematics is only possible because we can have intuitions of space and time as phenomena. Phenomena are things as they appear to us given how our thought and sense perception work. However, it is important to note that Kant feels that pure mathematical propositions are not just creations of the imagination, but they do exist in space and time. (pg. 557-8) This is very important to Kant as it is one of his huge additions to Humes Fork which eliminated metaphysical claims and even math and science to an extent. 3. Knowledge of Nature a. Briefly, what does Kant mean by the term experience? Kant uses many terms that require special definitions. One such term is experience. Experience to Kant is the combination of an intuition with a concept in the form of judgment. In other words, it requires concepts that allow us to express a necessary and universal synthesis of intuitions. They describe the synthesis of intuitions in consciousness in general. b. Briefly, how do judgments of experience differ from judgments of perception? Judgments of perception are only subjectively valid. That is, they hold good only for us as individuals as they narrate how things appear to us as individuals. In other words, they describe the synthesis of intuitions in ones own consciousness. An example of a judgment of perception is The tower looks small to me or I feel the warm stone, then I see the sun shining on it. A judgment of experience is one that is about, or directed to objects of experience. An object of experience requires concepts that allow us to express necessary and universal synthesis of intuitions. In other words, it describes the synthesis of intuitions in consciousness. That is, they describe how we view the world is in general. An example of a judgment of experience would be nature is the existence of things so far as it is determined according to universal laws. It is a truth which is not subjectively qualified unlike a judgment of perception. c. Why does Kant think that we can know a priori that All events have a cause? Kant thinks that we can know a priori that all events have a cause. An a priori statement is one that is true in terms of its meaning alone. In other words, the statement all events have a cause is a fact upon which experience depends. Kant felt that the antithesis, no event has a cause would not produce a contradictory or meaningless statement, proving that it is synthetic. And the original statement, all events have a cause is a priori as Kant felt it can be known without the need of experience. Kant wrote that the principles of possible experience are then at the same time universal laws of nature, which can be known a priori. (pg. 565) In other words, Kant felt that all events have a cause would be considered a universal law of nature which are known a priori. d. Give an example of a metaphysical claim that Kant thinks we are NOT entitled to make. Why would he think we are not entitled to make that metaphysical claim? A metaphysical claim that Kant thinks we are not entitled to make would be the soul is immortal. He feels this is because metaphysical claims are illegitimate when they use a priori concepts beyond the bounds of any possible experience. Kant writes examples can only be borrowed from some possible experience, and consequently the objects of these concepts can be found nowhere but in a possible experience. In other words, Kant writes that you cannot make a claim such as the soul is immortal without relating it to some possible experience and thus taking away the a priori concept.

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henrik Ibsen Dolls House Essay

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House Ibsens's play is a modern tragedy which functions on two levels, questioning the established social order of the day and presenting the death of a marriage. Both these events create a great deal of tension, and combined with the language and actions used by the characters, make the play very intense. The main cause of dramatic tension throughout the play is the way that the difference between the real nature of the characters and the roles they are assigned by society is presented. This difference is demonstrated by the disparity in the action of the characters in comparison with their lexical choice. The initial impression given by the opening scene is of a happy traditional household. The first element of dramatic tension in the play is introduced when Nora demonstrates this inconsistency when she lies to Helmer about having eaten macaroons, Helmer: "Has my little sweet-tooth been indulging herself in town today, by any chance?" Nora: "No, how can you think such a thing?" It displays the way in which Nora is not always entirely honest with Helmer in order to maintain the inferior and obeying image he has of her. It indicates that all is not as it first appears, creating dramatic irony and tension, as the audience are aware of the truth, yet Helmer is not. The immediate declarative used, "No" followed by the interrogative "How can you think such a thing" displays that Nora is firstly attempting to remove all doubt of her innocence, and then switch the focus of the conversation to Helmer to distract from the fact that it is she who is lying. Language is used to create dramatic tension as the different registers used by the characters in different situa... ...s something is going to happen or its near the end Unexpected turn when Mrs Linde says Helmer must know the truth Nora HINTS AT PLOT Helmer points out Nora's vulnerability - what would happen if he died. When Helmer condemns Krogstad - dramatic irony because audience know Nora has done the same as him. WAITING Nora almost telling Helmer but delayed as Dr rank drops in and gives black crosses so she has to wait longer. Helmer goes to study to read the letter - audience and Nora are waiting to see what happens when he returns. DESPERATION Krogstad warns Nora against suicide - shows how desperate she must be. Tarantella dance displays her desperation physically. IMAGERY The Christmas tree reflects Nora's state (e.g. bright and colourful at the beginning, candles burnt out nearer the end) Fancy dress represents Nora wearing her false self

Importance of Friends Essay

â€Å"The silver friend knows your present and the gold friend knows all of your past dirt and glories. Once in a blue moon there is someone who knows it all, someone who knows and accepts you unconditionally, someone who is there for life.† This is a quote I read once in an article by Jill McCorkle in my cousin’s house. McCorkle’s description of a â€Å"gold friend† describes a friendship that I have with a group of girls who mean the world to me. These friends are the pearls of my life. This word bears its great meaning to me and only to those who could understand the greatness of its meaning. It’s something sacred, it needs to be cherished and build up for many years with much care. It’s a complex, magical process, which must contain fluid that will start spinning the wheel. Let me tell you something about my friends.When I was a freshman in high school, I became friends with these girls-Guia,Krisha, Carla, Magz, Cj, Jian, and Chantel. Since the beginning of that year, we have all been best friends. There were many times we rode around together. However, this particular Jeep ride was very significant because I realized what friendship is all about. One Tuesday night, we all went to Greenwich in SM, except Chantel, and eat there with the parents of Guia because it was the celebration of her birthday. This experienced will remain and will never be erased from me because it was one of the happiest things that had happened to me. Friendship like ours was something many people had never experienced. To me, the significance of our relationship is a unique bond that I feel with these ladies. They are like sisters that God did not give me. They have been there for me at times when my world was falling apart. As I finally drifted off to sleep that night, I thanked God for allowing me to have them in my life. These eight girls, including RIchel of course, have been my guardian angels. I have always been able to count on them, no matter what the situation is. They have helped me face the next day when I did not know if it was possible. We have been through everything; we have laughed, cried, and then laughed at ourselves for crying together. There have been many times when I have been lonely and I reminisce back to the experiences I had with them. It reminds me that there are people who care about me and accept me for who I am. A true friendship is a magnificent thing and as Talbot Jennings said â€Å"Friend is the finest word in any language. Life without friends is a life I could not imagine.

Difference Between Wordpad and Notepad Essay

What is the difference between Notepad and WordPad? Answer: Both programs are text editors that are included with the Windows operating system. Notepad is the most basic text editor, which allows you to open and create text files. While you can create several paragraphs of text with Notepad, using line breaks (by pressing the Enter key), the program does not give you text formatting options. For example, you cannot change the font size or make the text bold. WordPad is similar to Notepad, but gives you more formatting options. You can use bold and italics formatting, and change the font, size, and color of the text. You can also create bulleted lists and center and justify paragraphs. WordPad allows you to save documents as either basic text (. TXT) files or rich text format (. RTF) files. Saving a document in the rich text format will keep all the formatting you have done to the text, while saving it as a basic text file will remove all text formatting from the document. Notepad is a good choice for creating webpages It is also useful for removing formatting from text that you have copied and want to paste somewhere else as plain text. Just paste the text into Notepad, copy it again from Notepad, and you have completely unformatted text. WordPad is a good choice for writing papers or creating documents that you want to print. It is also great for making lists, since it supports bullets. You can use WordPad to open an unformatted text document and add whatever formatting you want. If you want even more formatting options and a more user-friendly interface, you can use a program such as Microsoft Word.

Should We Sustain From War with Iraq essays

Should We Sustain From War with Iraq essays Asking the question, Should we sustain from war with Iraq, in my opinion, is kind of like asking, Is it safe to give a monkey a hand-gun. Obviously, the answer is no. Obviously, I believe in comic relief. Being serious though, which this topic definateley is, Saddam Hussein is a dangerous man. Hes a threat to other nations as well as his own. He refuses to left UN Inspectors enter his restricted areas. Doing this, he is directly violating the Gulf War Treaty. Its also proven that he possess chemical and biological weapons. Removing Hussein and his regime would also help the war on terrorism since it is proven that he funds such groups. War is the only option for the United States, and its an option that will be very cheap and relatively painless. Generally, Hussein is a proven threat to international security; he is interested in developing chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and has shown a willingness to use such weapons on Iraq's neighbors but also against Iraq's Kurdish population. Iraq has to be removed as a threat now before it has the ability to lash out at Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait or US troops stationed in the region. Experts say that in less than three years Saddam will have nuclear weapons. If Iraq were to acquire Weapons of Mass Destruction it could threaten regional stability and deter any potential military action against Iraq. Hussein and his government believe that it was their possession of chemical and biological weapons that deterred the Coalition Forces from invading Iraq during Desert Storm. A WMD capable Iraq would become a regional hegemon. If Hussein develops chemical, biological or nuclear weapons he could give the weapons to terrorist organization that could use those materials against the United States or its allies. Alternatives to invasion wouldn't solve the problem. UN inspectors were unable to certify that Iraq had disarmed its WMD programs due ...

Cost and Managment Accounting Mcqs Essays

Cost and Managment Accounting Mcqs Essays Cost and Managment Accounting Mcqs Essay Cost and Managment Accounting Mcqs Essay Fixed cost per unit decreases when: a. Production volume increases. b. Production volume decreases. c. Variable cost per unit decreases. d. Variable cost per unit increases. 2). Prime cost + Factory overhead cost is: a. Conversion cost. b. Production cost. c. Total cost. d. None of given option. 3). Find the value of purchases if Raw material consumed Rs. 90,000; Opening and closing stock of raw material is Rs. 50,000 and 30,000 respectively. a. Rs. 10,000 b. Rs. 20,000 c. Rs. 70,000 d. Rs. 1,60,000 4). If Cost of goods sold = Rs. 40,000 GP Margin = 20% of sales Calculate the Gross profit margin. a. Rs. 32,000 b. Rs. 48,000 c. Rs. 8,000 d. Rs. 10,000 5). ______________ method assumes that the goods received most recently in the stores or produced recently are the first ones to be delivered to the requisitioning department. a. FIFO b. Weighted average method c. Most recent price method d. LIFO Fill in the blanks: (5 x 1) 1). Indirect cost that is incurred in producing product or services but which can not traced in full. 2 Sunk cost is the cost that incurred or expended in the past which can not be retrieved. 3). Conversion cost = Direct Labor + FOH 4). If cost of goods sold Rs. 20,000 and Sales Rs. 50,000 then Gross Markup Rate is 150% 5). Under Perpetual system, a complete and continuous record of movement of each inventory item is maintained. 1. Cost of production report is a _________________. a. Financial statement b. Production process report c. Order sheet d. None of given option. 2. There are ___________ parts of cost of production report. a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 ( 6th is concerned with calculation of loss) d. 7 3. Which one of the organization follows the cost of production report _________________? . Textile unit b. Chartered accountant firm c. Poultry forming d. None of the given option. 4. _____________________ part of cost of production report explains the cost incurred during the process. a. Quantity schedule b. Cost accounted for as follow c. Cost charge to the department d. None of given option Solve the question 5 to 7. If units put in the process 7,000, units completed and transfer o ut 5,000. Units still in process (100% Material, 50% Conversion cost). 500 units were lost. Cost incurred during the process Material and Labor Rs. 50,000 and 60,000. 5. Find the number of units that will appear in quantity schedule a. 5,750 b. 7,000 c. 5,000 d. 6,500 6. Find the value of per unit cost of both material and conversion cost a. Material 7. 69; Conversion cost 10. 43 b. Material 7. 14; Conversion cost 10. 43 c. Material 7. 14; Conversion cost 9. 23 d. None of given option 7. Find the value of cost transferred to next department: a. Rs. 57,500 b. Rs. 50,000 c. Rs. 70,000 d. None of given option. 8. In case of second department find the increase of per unit cost in case of unit lost. Cost received from previous department is Rs. ,40,000. a. 1. 43 b. (2. 13) c. 1. 54 d. 1. 67 9. Opening work in process inventory can be calculated under a. FIFO and Average costing b. LIFO and Average costing c. FIFO and LIFO costing d. None of given option 10 _________________ needs further processing to improve its marketability. a. By product b. Joint Product c. Augmented product d. None of the given option Choose one of the best choices. 1. Jan 1; finishe d goods inventory of Manuel Company was $3, 00,000. During the year Manuel’s cost of goods sold was $19, 00,000, sales were $2, 000,000 with a 20% gross profit. Calculate cost assigned to the December 31; finished goods inventory. a. $ 4,00,000 b. $ 6,00,000 c. $ 16,00,000 d. None of given options 2. The main purpose of cost accounting is to: a. Maximize profits. b. Help in inventory valuation c. Provide information to management for decision making d. Aid in the fixation of selling price 3. The combination of direct material and direct labor is a. Total production Cost b. Prime Cost c. Conversion Cost d. Total manufacturing Cost 4. The cost expended in the past that cannot be retrieved on product or service a. Relevant Cost b. Sunk Cost c. Product Cost d. Irrelevant Cost 5. When a manufacturing process requires mostly human labor and there are widely varying wage rates among workers, what is probably the most appropriate basis of applying factory costs to work in process? a. Machine hours b. Cost of materials used c. Direct labor hours d. Direct labor dollars 6. A typical factory overhead cost is: a. distribution b. internal audit c. compensation of plant manager d. design 7. An industry that would most likely use process costing procedures is: a. tires b. home construction c. printing d. aircraft . 8. Complete the following table | |Per unit |Total | |Fixed cost |Increase |Constant | |Variable cost | | | |Total cost |Increase |Decrease | a. Constant, Decrease b. Decrease, Decrease c. Increase, Increase d. Increase, Decrease 9. The Kennedy Corporation uses Raw Material Z in a manufacturing process. Information as to balances on hand, purchases and requisitions of Raw Material Z is given below: Jan. 1 Balance: 200 lbs. @ $1. 50 08 Received 500 lbs. @ $1. 55 18 Issued 100 lbs. 25 Issued 260 lbs. 30 Received 150 lbs. @ $1. 60 If a perpetual inventory record of Raw Material Z is maintained on a FIFO basis, it will show a month end inventory of: a. $240 b. $784 c. $759 d. $767 10. A disadvantage of an hourly wage plan is that it: a. Provides no incentive for employees to achieve and maintain a high level of production. b. Is hardly ever used and is difficult to apply. c. Establishes a definite rate per hour for each employee. d. Encourages employees to sacrifice quality in order to maximize earnings. (10 x 1=10) (Question 2-a) From the following information calculate the Maximum stock level, Minimum stock level, Re-ordering level and Danger stock level;- (a) Average consumption 300 units per day (b) Maximum consumption 400 units per day (c) Minimum consumption 200 units per day (d) Re-order quantity 3,600 units (e) Re-order period 10 to 15 days (f) Emergency Re-order period 13 days (1. 254=5) Solution: Order Level = Maximum Consumption x Lead Time (maximum) = 400 x 15 = 6,000 Maximum level =Order level – (Minimum consumption x Lead time) + EOQ = 6,000 – (200 x 10) + 3,600 = 7,600 Minimum Level = Order level- (Average consumption x lead time) = 6,000 – (300 x 12. 5) = 2,250 Danger Level = Average consumption x Emergency time = 300 x 13 = 3,900 (Question 2-b) Following data are available with respect to a certain material. |Annual requirement |1200 units | |Cost to place an order |Rs 3. 0 | |Annual interest rate |5% | |Per unit cost. |Rs 5. 00 | |Annual carrying cost per unit |Rs 0. 25 | Required: 1) Economic order quantity 2) Number of orders per year 3) Frequency of orders (2+1. 5+1. 5=5) Solution: (1)EOQ= (2 x 1200 x 3/0. 25 + 5% of 5)1/2 = 120 units (2)No of order= Annual order/order size = 1200/120 = 10 (3) Frequency of orders= No of days in a year / No of order = 360/10 = 36days Find out correct option from given MCQs put your answer in above table: 1. A manufacturing company manufactures a product which passes through two departments. 10,000 units were put in process. 9,400 units were completed transferred to department-II. 400 units (1/2 complete) were in process at the end of month. Remaining 200 units were lost during processing. Costs incurred by the department were as follows: Particulars Rs. Direct Materials 19,400 Direct Labor 24,250 Factory overhead 14,550 Apportionment of the Accumulated Cost/Total Cost accounted for, for the month in CPR ____________ a. Rs. 24,250 Approximately b. Rs. 56,987 Approximately c. Rs. 58,200 Approximately d. None of the given options MCQ # 2 and 3 are based on the following data: Allied chemical company reported the following production data for its department: Particulars Units Received in from department –1 55,000 Transferred out department –3 39,500 In process (1/3 labor overhead) 10,500 All materials were put in process in Department No. 1. Costing department collected following figures for department No. 2: Particulars Rs. Unit cost received in 1. 80 Labor cost in department No. 2 27,520 Applied overhead in Department No. 2 15,480 2. Equivalent units of labor FOH are _________ a. 3,500 units b. 39,500 units c. 3,000 units d. None of the given options 3. Unit cost of lost unit after adjustment (by using any method) _________ Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 a. Rs. 0. 64 b. Rs. 0. 36 c. Rs. 0. 18 d. None of the given options MCQ # 4, 5 and 6 are based on the following data: In Department No. 315 normal production losses are discovered at the end of process. During January 2007 following costs were charged to Department 315: Particulars Rs. Direct Materials 30,000 Direct Labor 20,000 Manufacturing overhead 10,000 Cost from preceding department 96,000 Data of production quantities is as follows: Particulars Units Received in 12,000 Transferred out 7,000 Normal Production Loss 1,000 Partly processed units in Department No. 315 were completed 50%. 4. Cost of normal loss (where normal loss is discovered at the end of process) _________: a. Rs. 14,000 b. Rs. 44,000 c. Rs. 1, 12,000 d. None of the given options 5. Equivalent units of material __________ a. 2,000 units b. 7,000 units c. 10,000 units d. None of the given options 6. Unit cost of Direct Labor__________ a. Rs. 1 b. Rs. 2 c. Rs. 3 d. None of the given options Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 7. During January, Assembling department received 60,000 units from preceding department at a unit cost of Rs. 3. 54. Costs added in the assembly department were: Particulars Rs. Materials 41,650 Labor 101,700 Factory overheads 56,500 There was no work in process beginning inventory. Particulars Units Units from preceding department 60,000 Units transferred out 50,000 Units in process at the end of month (all materials, 2/3converted) 9,000 Units lost (1/2 completed as to materials conversion cost ) 1,000 The entire loss is considered abnormal is to be charged to factory overhead. Equivalent units of material __________ . 9,000 units b. 56,500 units c. 59,500 units d. None of the given options 8. For which one of the following industry would you recommend a Job Order Costing system? a. Oil Refining b. Grain dealing c. Beverage production d. Law Cases 9. For which one of the following industry would you recommend a Process Costing system? a. Grain dealer b. Television repair shop c. Law office d. Auditor Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 10. The difference between total revenues and total variable costs is known as: a. Contribution margin b. Gross margin c. Operating income d. Fixed costs 11. Percentage of Margin of Safety can be calculated in which one of the following ways? a. Based on budgeted Sales b. Using budget profit c. Using profit Contribution ratio d. All of the given options 12. Which of the following represents a CVP equation? a. Sales = Contribution margin (Rs. ) + Fixed expenses + Profits b. Sales = Contribution margin ratio + Fixed expenses + Profits c. Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + profits d. Sales = Variable expenses – Fixed expenses + profits 13. If 120 units produced, 100 units were sold @ Rs. 200 per unit. Variable cost related to production selling is Rs. 150 per unit and fixed cost is Rs. ,000. If the management wants to decrease sales price by 10%, what will be the effect of decreasing unit sales price on profitability of company? (Cost volume profit analysis keep in your mind while solving it) a. Remains constant b. Profits will increased c. Company will have to face losses d. None of the given options 14. If 120 units pro duced, 100 units were sold @ Rs. 200 per unit. Variable cost related to production selling is Rs. 150 per unit and fixed cost is Rs. 5,000. If the management wants to increase sales price by 10%, what will be increasing sales profit of company by increasing unit sales price. Cost volume profit analysis keep in your mind while solving it) a. Rs. 2,000 b. Rs. 5,000 c. Rs. 7,000 d. None of the given options Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 MCQ # 15, 16, 17 and 18 are based on the following data: The following is the Corporations Income Statement for last month: Particulars Rs. Sales 4,000,000 Less: variable expenses 2,800,000 Contribution margin 1,200,000 Less: fixed expenses 720,000 Net income 480,000 The company has no beginning or ending inventories. A total of 80,000 units were produced and sold last month. 15. What is the companys contribution margin ratio? . 30% b. 70% c. 150% d. None of given options 16. What is the companys break-even in units? a. 48,000 units b. 72,000 units c. 80,000 units d. None of the given options 17. How many units would the company have to sell to attain target profits of Rs. 600,000? a. 88,000 units b. 100,000 units c. 106,668 units d. None of given options 18. What is the companys margin of safety in Rs? a. Rs. 480,000 b. Rs. 1,600,000 c. Rs. 2,400,000 d. None of given options Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 19. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? a. A manufacturer of ink cartridges would ordinarily use process costing rather than job-order costing b. If a company uses a process costing system it accumulates costs by processing department rather than by job c. The output of a processing department must be homogeneous in order to use process costing e. All of the given options 20. Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Companies that produce many different products or services are more likely to use job-order costing systems than process costing systems b. Job-order costing systems are used by manufactures only and process costing systems are used by service firms only . Job-order costing systems are used by service firms and process costing systems are used by manufacturers e. All of the given options 21. Product cost is normally: a. Higher in Absorption costing than Marginal costing b. Higher in Marginal costing than Absorption costing c. Equal in both Absorption and Marginal costing d. None of the given options 22. Using absorption costing, unit cost of product includes which of the following combination of costs? a. Direct materials, direct labor and fixed overhead b. Direct materials, direct labor and variable overhead c. Direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead and fixed overhead d. Only direct materials and direct labor 23. Marginal costing is also known as: a. Indirect costing b. Direct costing c. Variable costing d. Both (b) and (c) Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 MCQ # 24 25 are based on the following data: The following data related to production of ABC Company: Units produced 1,000 units Direct materials Rs. 6 Direct labor Rs. 10 Fixed overhead Rs. 6000 Variable overhead Rs. 6 Fixed selling and administrative Rs. 2000 Variable selling and administrative Rs. 2 24. Using the data given above, what will be the unit product cost under absorption costing? . Rs. 22 b. Rs. 28 c. Rs. 30 d. None of the given options 25. Using the data given above, what will be the unit product cost under marginal costing? a. Rs. 22 b. Rs. 24 c. Rs. 28 d. None of the given options 26. The break-even point is the point where: a. Total sales revenue equals total expenses (variable and fixed) b. Total contribution margin equals total fixed expenses c. T otal sales revenue equals to variable expenses only d. Both a b 27. The break-even point in units is calculated using_______ a. Fixed expenses and the contribution margin ratio b. Variable expenses and the contribution margin ratio . Fixed expenses and the unit contribution margin d. Variable expenses and the unit contribution margin Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Quiz 02 Fall Semester 2007 28. The margin of safety can be defined as: a. The excess of budgeted or actual sales over budgeted or actual variable expenses b. The excess of budgeted or actual sales over budgeted or actual fixed expenses c. The excess of budgeted sales over the break-even volume of sales d. The excess of budgeted net income over actual net income 29. The contribution margin ratio is calculated by using which one of the given formula? a. Sales Fixed Expenses)/Sales b. (Sales Variable Expenses)/Sales c. (Sales Total Expenses)/Sales d. None of the given options 30. Data of a company XYZ is given below Particulars Rs. Sales 15,00,000 Variable cost 9,00,000 Fixed Cost 4,00,000 Break Even Sales in Rs. __________ a. Rs. 1, 00,000 b. Rs. 2, 00,000 c. Rs. 13, 00,000 d. None of the given options 1. Mr. Zahid received Rs. 100,000 at the time of retirement. He has invested in a profitable Avenue. From Company A, he received the dividend of 35% and from Company B he received the dividend of 25%. He has selected Company A for investment. His opportunity cost will be: a) 35,000 b) 25,000 c) 10,000 d) 55,000 2. In increasing production volume situation, the behavior of Fixed cost Variable cost will be: a) Increases, constant b) Constant, increases c) Increases, decreases d) Decreases, increases 3. While calculating the finished goods ending inventory, what would be the formula to calculate per unit cost? a) Cost of goods sold / number of units sold b) Cost of goods to be manufactured / number of units manufactured c) Cost of goods manufactured / number of units manufactured d) Total manufacturing cost / number of units manufactured . If the direct labor is Rs. 42,000 and FOH is 40% of conversion cost. What will be the amount of FOH? a) 63,000 b) 30,000 c) 28,000 d) 16,800 5. Which one of the following centers is responsible to earns sales revenue? a) Cost center b) Investment center c) Revenue center d) Profit center 6. Which one of the following cost would not be termed as Product Costs? a) Indirect Material b) Direc t Labor c) Administrative Salaries d) Plant supervisor’s Salary 7. Which of the following ratios expressed that how many times the inventory is turning over towards the cost of goods sold? ) Inventory backup ratio b) Inventory turnover ratio c) Inventory holding period d) Both A B 8. When opening and closing inventories are compared, if ending inventory is more than opening inventory, it means that: a) Increase in inventory b) Decrease in inventory c) Both a and b d) None of the given options 9. The total labor cost incurred by a manufacturing entity includes which one of the following elements? a) Direct labor cost b) Indirect labor cost c) Abnormal labor cost d) All of the given options 10. If, Opening stock1,000 units Material Purchase7,000 units Closing Stock500 units Material consumed Rs. 7,500 What will be the inventory turnover ratio? a) 10 Times b) 12 times c) 14. 5 times d) 9. 5 times 1. 1. A manufacturing company manufactures a product which passes through two departments. 10,000 units were put in process. 9,400 units were completed transferred to department-II. 400 units (1/2 complete) were in process at the end of month. Remaining 200 units were lost during processing. Costs incurred by the department were as follows: |Particulars |Rs. | |Direct Materials |19,400 | |Direct Labor |24,250 | Factory overhead |14,550 | Equivalent units of material, for the month in CPR ____________ 1. a. 200 units 2. b. 9400 units 3. c. 9600 units 4. d. None of the given options MCQ # 2 and 3 are based on the following data: Allied chemical company reported the following production data for its department: |Particulars |Units | |Received in from department –1 |55,000 | |Transferred out department –3 |39,500 | |In process (1/3 labor overhead) |1 0,500 | All materials were put in process in Department No. 1. Costing department collected following figures for department No. 2: |Particulars |Rs. | |Unit cost received in |1. 80 | |Labor cost in department No. 2 |27,520 | |Applied overhead in Department No. 2 |15,480 | 1. 2. Equivalent units of Material are _________ 1. a. 3,500 units 2. b. 39,500 units 3. c. 43,000 units 4. d. None of the given options Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Solution to Quiz 02 Special Semester 2007 1. 3. Unit cost used for transferred out _________ 1. a. Rs. 0. 64 2. b. Rs. 0. 36 3. c. Rs. 0. 18 4. d. None of the given options 1. 4. During January, Assembling department received 60,000 units from preceding department at a unit cost of Rs. 3. 54. Costs added in the assembly department were: |Particulars |Rs. | |Materials |41,650 | |Labor |101,700 | |Factory overheads |56,500 | There was no work in process beginning inventory. Particulars |Units | |Units from preceding department |60,000 | |Units transferred out |50,000 | |Units in process at the end of month |9,000 | |(all materials, 2/3converted) | | |Units lost (1/2 completed as to materials conversion cost ) |1,000 | The entire loss is considered abnormal is to be charged to factory overhead. Cost transferred to next department __________ 1. a. Rs. 55,703. 3 App. 2. b. Rs. 356,546. 6 App. 3. c. Rs. 412,249. 9 App. 4. d. None of the given options MCQ # 5, 6, 7 and 8 are based on the following data: The following is the Corporations Income Statement for last month: |Particulars |Rs. | |Sales |4,000,000 | |Less: variable expenses |1,800,000 | |Contribution margin |2,200,000 | Less: fixed expenses |720,000 | |Net income |1480,000 | Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Solution to Quiz 02 Special Semester 2007 The company has no beginning or ending inventories. A total of 80,000 units were produced and sold last month. 1. 5. What is the companys contribution margin ratio? 1. a. 30% 2. b. 50% 3. c. 150% 4. d. None of given options 2. 6. What is the companys break-even in units? 1. a. 48,000 units 2. b. 72,000 units 3. c. 80,000 units 4. d. None of the given options 3. 7. How many units would the company have to sell to attain target profits of Rs. 600,000? 1. a. 48,000 units 2. b. 88,000 units 3. c. 106,668 units 4. d. None of given options 1. 8. What is the companys margin of safety in Rs? 1. a. Rs. 1,600,000 2. b. Rs. 2,400,000 3. c. Rs. 25,60,000 4. d. None of given options MCQ # 9 10 are based on the following data: The following data related to production of ABC Company: |Units produced |2,000 units | |Direct materials |Rs. 6 | Direct labor |Rs. 10 | |Fixed overhead |Rs. 20,000 | |Variable overhead |Rs. 6 | Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Solution to Quiz 02 Special Semester 2007 |Fixed selling and administrative |Rs. 2000 | |Variable selling and administrative |Rs. 2 | 1. 9. Using the data given above, what will be the unit product cost under absorption costing? 1. a. Rs. 32 2. b. Rs. 30 3. c. Rs. 25 4. d. None of the given options 1. 10. Using the data given above, what will be the unit product cost under marginal costing? 1. a. Rs. 22 2. b. Rs. 24 3. c. Rs. 28 4. d. None of the given options (11-15)Write the names of given five budgets. XYZ Ltd Production Budget For the month of Jan-March |Particulars |Units | |No. of units sold | |Add Desired closing stock | |Less Estimated opening stock | |No. of units manufactured | XYZ Ltd Budgeted income Statement For the month of________ Particulars |Rs. | |Sales | |Less Cost of goods sold | |Gross profit | |Less Operating expenses | |Administrative expenses | |Selling expenses | |Profit from operation | Cost Management Accounting (mgt402) Solution to Quiz 02 Special Semester 2007 |Less Financial charges | |Add Other income | |Profit before tax | XYZ Ltd Cash Budget For the month of Jan-March Particulars |Jan |Feb |Mar | |Opening balance | |Add Receipts (Anticipated cash receipt from all sources) | |Less Payments (Anticipated utilization of cash) | |Excess / Deficit | |Bank b arrowing / Overdraft | |Closing balance |ove its marketability. a) By product b) Joint Product c) Augmented product d) None of the given options

Argumentative Essay - Being Awkward Sucks Laughter, Joke, Pet Shop Bo

Growing up in a large strict family that limited outside interaction when I was growing up has in turn made me fairly introverted and awkward. I do not do well in social situations and try to avoid them at all costs. See unlike most people, who can strike up a cordial conversation about sports, business, or common interests with people they have just been introduced to; I on the other hand, turn to jokes and sarcasm to break the ice. Sometimes it is well received and I am dubbed â€Å"the funny one† other times it leads to nervous laughter and â€Å"what the hell† looks from everyone. It’s like Russian roulette every time I enter a new situation with a few sarcastic ice breaker comments in the chamber. Take for example, my cousin had a certain type of party that has become pretty common now-a-days. I won’t drop any names but it entails certain battery operated devices commonly used in a romantic nature. A party like this is awkward enough as it is. So let’s take that and layer in my a bunch of people whom I have never met before and for fun, let’s talk about which vibrato...

NKCC cotransporter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

NKCC cotransporter - Essay Example Of these NKCC1b is also known to be found in brain RNA (Gamba, 2005). It is noted here, though, that the two isoforms of the NKCC1 cotransporter is found only in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) as per research of Cutler and Cramb, 2002. Nevertheless, there is ample evidence that NKCC1, in human and other mammalian species, is functionally implicated in CNS cells. It is observed by Gamba, 2005, that the NKCC1 cotransporter is activated by receptors and assists in neurotransmission by driving anions into the cell. It is also observed by Strange et al, 2000, that the work of the NKCC1 cotransporter complements that of the KCC2 one. The choice of the culture medium, the neuronal-specific CAD cell line, and the somewhat CNS-specific NKCC1 dovetails perfectly for a research attempt that seeks to establish new facts on the molecular identity and other expression patterns of these unique electroneutral cotransporters in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). G. Gamba's excellent 200 5 review article on these cotransporters has been extensively used in this paper because it is the most comprehensive document prepared to date being inclusive of all aspects described so far. The cation-coupled (Sodium and ... The Cation-Coupled Cotransport System The cation-coupled (Sodium and Potassium cations only) chloride cotransporters are a unique transmembranal transport system that is electrically neutral yet very effective in action (Gamba, 2005). These cotransporters constitute a secondary transcellular transport system that complements the primary cation transcellular transport system - the one mediated by the enzyme --ATPase. In the primary system the mover is an electrochemical gradient while in this chloride cotransporter system there is no such gradient, the reason why it has acquired the electroneutral label, and imbalances in chloride anion concentrations between intracellular and extracellular media constitute the prime mover of the system (Gamba, G., 2005). In absorptive and secretory epithelia there is need to transport ions and solutes in and out of the cells. Specific plasma membrane proteins mediate this transport system by either effecting sodium influx and potassium efflux with accompaniment of those ions and/or solutes that need to be transported (Gamba, G., 2005). Except in choroidal plexus, these cations move through the epithelial basolateral membrane mediated by the action of the enzyme --ATPase that creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The plasma proteins mediate this transcellular transport that utilises this gradient to move target ions across the membrane and thus this system is called a secondary one while the enzyme-mediated cation movement is called the primary system. These two component systems together constitute the primary ion transport system across cellular membranes in human physiology (Gamba, G., 2005). On

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Management - Essay Example With very sophisticated infrastructures, Bahrain is a rapidly developing market in the Middle East. The country has a strong government with futuristic outlooks which has contributed to the shaping of the nation as a highly mature economy (Dew 2002). There are large numbers of development ventures in progress all over the country which renders the opportunity to expand to Bahrain quite pleasing. The country provides various encouragements to the opportunity of expanding to Bahrain (Dew 2002). Because of its strategic position, several multinational companies have expanded to Bahrain like Nomura Investment Banking, American Express, Citicorp, etc (Sohail 2005). The objective of this essay is to analyze the (1) physical and societal factors, (2) competitive factors, (3) objectives, and (4) strategies and means as they relate to the expansion of financial institutions to Bahrain, which in this paper will be the The Hong kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC). HSBC has its main off ice in London, and it is one of the major financial institutions in the world. HSBC, just like other global businesses, are gaining from flourishing business in the Middle East ( However, expansion for HSBC has been beset with difficulties. The company has to deal with external factors, such as those mentioned above, in their pursuit for successful expansion. Physical and Societal Factors The coarse periphery of Bahrain is characterized by a dynamic cultural domain and sophisticated infrastructure. Since 1971, the period it gained its independence from the UK, Bahrain has grown into a wealthy, progressive nation that adopts the union of its culture with its quest for prosperity (Gillespie & Gritzner 2002). Nowadays, the country tries to build a more advanced state which values and merges its time-honored cultural practices (Dew 2002). Gaining knowledge and making sense of this exceptional culture and its related business customs is critical to the success of expansion plan of HSBC t o Bahrain. Some of the factors that the management of HSBC should take into account are the business-related social practices of Bahrainis. For instance, the society of Bahrain is deeply rule-inclined with laws, policies, and other control systems established to lessen the insecurity and put in force the authority of leaders (Dew 2002). This quite rigid hierarchical structure is embodied in the prescribed communication method of the general population of Bahrain. The use of prescribed greetings and distinctions or titles is important (Dew 2002). For instance, when a person enters an office for the first time, s/he should shake hands with the highest ranking officer first using their certain distinctions. This information is vital to the human resources management of HSBC. Competitive Factors The banking sector in Bahrain is considered as one of the most competitive in the Middle East. The government vigorously and explicitly seeks for foreign investments and views them as crucial to the country’s economic success (Laulajainen 2003). Banking and financial organizations in Bahrain are involved in a traditional business environment and trade-oriented culture that prospers from the foreign investments (Chiline 2002). The corporate banking culture in Bahrain welcomes foreign companies eagerly and attracts foreign

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance Research Paper - 1

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance - Research Paper Example An effective leader should be aware when to act and when not to act. An effective leader should have good knowledge as it gives the leaders the ability to evaluate the causes and outcomes of their actions. For the existence of an effective leadership, a leader has to acquire from a mentor who can inculcate values that outshine the leader himself. If no guides or mentors are available, a leader can learn the direction and meaning through intercession. Further, an effective leader will have a real good faith for the common good of their subordinates or followers. An effective leader is not only advising his followers or subordinates to follow some path but also will be ready to learn things that require to be inculcated. During their communication process, effective leaders will always communicate with fairness and will exhibit respect to others. An effective leader will always exhibit as an example to other by adhering politeness, gentleness, calmness and quietness. Following these qu alities will make them as effective observers, spectators and thinkers. An effective leader will involve in meaning, thinking and careful observations. An effective leader will have the right virtue for the desired goals and vision of their organizations. Leaders should strive hard without any expectations for the outcomes since the results of effective leadership should derive advantage from the organizations and people instead of the leaders itself. Effective leaders will involve themselves in sattvic charity with a real sense of offering without any anticipating anything in return (Avolio & Gardner 2005, p.320). This thesis will analyze how â€Å"effective leadership contributes towards the achievement of organization success and improvement in the performance level of an organization†. Leadership connotes many characteristics and variables influencing the manner in which it is evaluated so as to be regarded to be effective. Leadership connotes intellectual drive,

Manifest Destiny Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manifest Destiny Concept - Essay Example The Manifest Destiny concept tremendously influenced the United States policy. This enhanced the American expansion to the West. The idea was largely put forward by posters, newspapers and other avenues. Despite the fact that it was not a formal policy of the government, it facilitated the passing of legislation like the Homestead Act, which promoted colonization and acquisition of areas in the West (Robinson 2010, 21). Additionally, the idea was a factor in the thought of America. Movement into the West regions provided a prospect for self-development. To be familiar with the concept of Manifest Destiny, it is essential to comprehend the desire and need of the United States to expand. This paper will look at how issues around it affected the U.S, how the views of Americans on the issue changed over the period, and will also mention some events as examples. How the Issues Affected the U.S John O'Sullivan, a U.S newspaper editor writing on the planned occupation of Texas, was the firs t to use the term in 1845. He asserted that it was America’s â€Å"manifest destiny to spread to the whole continent.† The newspaper issue recommended that through expanding, America could turn out to be a renowned superpower. According to O'Sullivan, the United States had been exclusively selected for the mission of Westward expansion. This would push out the wilderness and bring civilization. Between independence and 1920, the government passed land laws that were favorable for people to migrate. The federal government also persuaded people from Europe to come and inhabit. It used the military to protect the settlers from natives. It further put money into explorations, such as that of Clark and Lewis. Wherever there was sufficient water, homesteading was practiced by people from the Midwest to the Pacific regions. Cheap and available land, high birth rates and immense population formed the basis of the expansion. Imperialism was used to facilitate the Manifest Desti ny. There was a perception that mission and God was the path to Manifest Destiny.  Ã‚  

Legal-business auto accidents Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal-business auto accidents - Term Paper Example Honda Motor Company, â€Å"where the court ruled that the regulation foreclosed the filing of injury suits under the state law by the people contending that manufacturers had made the wrong choice† (Liptak). II. Facts of the Case: Petitioner, Alexis Geier, was driving a 1987 Honda Accord, which collided in a tree and caused the petitioner serious physical injuries, despite the fact that the shoulder and lap belts were fastened at the time the accident happened. The car was not also equipped with airbags. Petitioner, together with her parents, sued American Honda Motor Company, Inc. before the District of Columbia tort law, on the ground that Honda negligently was remiss in its obligation as a car manufacturer for failure to set an airbag at the driver’s side. The Court dismissed the case on the ground that it was the discretion of Honda to whether or not install an airbag in its car models. Hence, this ruling concluded that it was not mandatory for the automakers to ins tall a passenger-side airbag, and shall not be liable for a personal injury case based on such ground. The Court of Appeals reaffirmed the decision of the District Court which resulted to a dismissal of the case. Thus, an appeal to the Supreme Court was filed by the petitioners. ... s in conflict with the existing provisions of FMVS 208 Act, particularly on the express pre-emption provision Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that: With regard to the first issue, the court held that the ordinary principles of pre-emption shall not apply in the case of the petitioners. The provision contained in the Act states that the federal safety standard does not relieve a person from any liability on the basis of the common law. Hence, the petitioners are not precluded from setting up a claim against American Honda. The language of the provision clause enacted by Congress does not prohibit common-law actions. The spirit of the law must be followed and not its literal meaning of the law. In case of doubt, the intention of the law must prevail over the strict context of the law. Thus, â€Å"express pre-emption provision that excludes common-law tort actions gives actual meaning to the saving clause’s literal language, while leaving adequate room for state tort law to oper ate† (Cornell). For the second issue, the Court held that ordinary pre-emption principles apply in the case of the petitioners. In its decision, the Court anchored its conclusion on the basis of â€Å"the express pre-emption and saving provisions when taken together, shall create a â€Å"special burden,† which a court must impose â€Å"on a party† who claims conflict pre-emption under those principles. A â€Å"special burden† would also promise practical difficulty by further complicating well-established pre-emption principles that already are difficult to apply† (Cornell). In one of the dissent of the justices, one justice commented that if the â€Å"special burden† would be made applicable in such a case, where the state law penalizes the requirement of the federal law which is an absolute

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance Research Paper - 1

Effective leadership and its impact on organization performance - Research Paper Example An effective leader should be aware when to act and when not to act. An effective leader should have good knowledge as it gives the leaders the ability to evaluate the causes and outcomes of their actions. For the existence of an effective leadership, a leader has to acquire from a mentor who can inculcate values that outshine the leader himself. If no guides or mentors are available, a leader can learn the direction and meaning through intercession. Further, an effective leader will have a real good faith for the common good of their subordinates or followers. An effective leader is not only advising his followers or subordinates to follow some path but also will be ready to learn things that require to be inculcated. During their communication process, effective leaders will always communicate with fairness and will exhibit respect to others. An effective leader will always exhibit as an example to other by adhering politeness, gentleness, calmness and quietness. Following these qu alities will make them as effective observers, spectators and thinkers. An effective leader will involve in meaning, thinking and careful observations. An effective leader will have the right virtue for the desired goals and vision of their organizations. Leaders should strive hard without any expectations for the outcomes since the results of effective leadership should derive advantage from the organizations and people instead of the leaders itself. Effective leaders will involve themselves in sattvic charity with a real sense of offering without any anticipating anything in return (Avolio & Gardner 2005, p.320). This thesis will analyze how â€Å"effective leadership contributes towards the achievement of organization success and improvement in the performance level of an organization†. Leadership connotes many characteristics and variables influencing the manner in which it is evaluated so as to be regarded to be effective. Leadership connotes intellectual drive,

Legal-business auto accidents Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal-business auto accidents - Term Paper Example Honda Motor Company, â€Å"where the court ruled that the regulation foreclosed the filing of injury suits under the state law by the people contending that manufacturers had made the wrong choice† (Liptak). II. Facts of the Case: Petitioner, Alexis Geier, was driving a 1987 Honda Accord, which collided in a tree and caused the petitioner serious physical injuries, despite the fact that the shoulder and lap belts were fastened at the time the accident happened. The car was not also equipped with airbags. Petitioner, together with her parents, sued American Honda Motor Company, Inc. before the District of Columbia tort law, on the ground that Honda negligently was remiss in its obligation as a car manufacturer for failure to set an airbag at the driver’s side. The Court dismissed the case on the ground that it was the discretion of Honda to whether or not install an airbag in its car models. Hence, this ruling concluded that it was not mandatory for the automakers to ins tall a passenger-side airbag, and shall not be liable for a personal injury case based on such ground. The Court of Appeals reaffirmed the decision of the District Court which resulted to a dismissal of the case. Thus, an appeal to the Supreme Court was filed by the petitioners. ... s in conflict with the existing provisions of FMVS 208 Act, particularly on the express pre-emption provision Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that: With regard to the first issue, the court held that the ordinary principles of pre-emption shall not apply in the case of the petitioners. The provision contained in the Act states that the federal safety standard does not relieve a person from any liability on the basis of the common law. Hence, the petitioners are not precluded from setting up a claim against American Honda. The language of the provision clause enacted by Congress does not prohibit common-law actions. The spirit of the law must be followed and not its literal meaning of the law. In case of doubt, the intention of the law must prevail over the strict context of the law. Thus, â€Å"express pre-emption provision that excludes common-law tort actions gives actual meaning to the saving clause’s literal language, while leaving adequate room for state tort law to oper ate† (Cornell). For the second issue, the Court held that ordinary pre-emption principles apply in the case of the petitioners. In its decision, the Court anchored its conclusion on the basis of â€Å"the express pre-emption and saving provisions when taken together, shall create a â€Å"special burden,† which a court must impose â€Å"on a party† who claims conflict pre-emption under those principles. A â€Å"special burden† would also promise practical difficulty by further complicating well-established pre-emption principles that already are difficult to apply† (Cornell). In one of the dissent of the justices, one justice commented that if the â€Å"special burden† would be made applicable in such a case, where the state law penalizes the requirement of the federal law which is an absolute

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay 1. What are the strongest points of the paper? What do you consider are its main contributions to the field of global people management? The paper itself has a very interesting purpose with the research question of whether women leaders are â€Å"really† different from men leaders. The paper gives a very good introduction in particular giving the literature review in order to get familiar with some basic knowledge on the topic of gender differences in leadership. The review focus combination of stereotypes and cultural differences stresses out well a new viewpoint of the problem, which has not been discussed that widely in prior research. Also the introduction of the new notion â€Å"stereotype threat†, which actually might be viewed as a partly solution for women sometimes performing not as well as they possibly could is an interesting point for management issues in reality. However the strongest points of the paper are evident. The introduction of the new concept of three paradigms: gender-blind view, gender-conscious view and that perception creates reality are not only the strongest points of the paper, but in my opinion can also be considered as contributions to the field of global people management. This new paradigms could possibly change the perception of companies, maybe companies will use the tool of the three paradigms to analyse their own structures and be able to improve situations for women, giving them more possibilities. 2. What are the weakest points of the paper? (E.g. What arguments are not strong enough? What is not clear? What is missing?) Potential drawbacks are that paradigms are introduced, but not sufficiently discussed within. Also the paper gives good examples where they can be found, it could show more proof for their existence apart from summarising and drawing them together from old findings. Also the paper does not find a good way how to manage diversity and to capture it. It does not manage the combination of cost-effective coordination and senility to local cultures. Likewise the paper focuses on only two firms, â€Å"Fuel† and â€Å"Excel†, which are very different in how they â€Å"fill† out the paradigms. In my opinion two firms are not enough, more firms should be reviewed for example in a questionnaire in order to give more support for the findings. Correspondingly the paper does not include a focus on multinational firms, which is very important not to leave out in times of globalization. The last criticism is that the paper is unable to answer it’s paper purpose question à ¢â‚¬Å"what is the real difference between men and women in leadership†. 3. How could the author make the paper better? When writing the literature review the could build up the research papers and the gained knowledge chronologically and not going back and forth in the research dates. As the paper is missing some numbers, the technique of hypothesis could have been used, a bigger number of companies questioned in survey style as then a quantitative analysis would exist as evidence for whether the problem exists in real life and whether paradigms can be implied in the general management world. Also the point of view of women on this topic would be very interesting and more expedient. How do women perceive the gender different initiatives, what would they like as support? Also the paper as already mentioned should include a focus on multinational firms and include those in a study.

Impact of the Digital Environment on Copyright

Impact of the Digital Environment on Copyright Critically assess the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of an idea in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not). In your response, you will need to examine the impact of the digital environment on copyright and initiatives like open access and Creative Commons. Discuss whether protecting original works is becoming obsolete, considering the effect of a copyright-free world on individual creators, producers and distributors. Be explicit about how you respond to and extend the examples presented in the topics podcast and town meeting. Copyright can be defined as the ownership of the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves (Bourne 2008). The issue of copyright is perhaps facing its greatest challenge. The line between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) is being increasingly blurred due to the increasing prevalence and penetration of digital technologies in the national (Australian) and international (global) communication environment. With the proliferation of copyright violations as digital technologies offer file sharing capacities, the development of author favouring initiatives approximating to Open Access and Creative Commons eroding the corporate power of copyright corporations, the existence of legally protected copyright protections a creator craves, corporations pursue and governments protect, is under serious threat. Traditionally the free market economy has envisioned a hierarchy from producer to consumer in the development and dissemination of cultural information. Conventionally, the mode of production had envisioned a role for creator, manufacturer, distributor and consumer. This was a centralised system. Copyright pervaded and that which was protected by copyright was difficult if not impossible to illegally obtain without paying the royalties to the creator or copyright holder. Yochai Benkler believes there has been a decentralisation of the process due to the onset of the digital revolution, particularly with Internet technologies, while technology simultaneously sustains the centralisation of cultural information. I will suggest that we call the combination of these two trends the radical decentralization of intelligence in our communications network and the centrality of information, knowledge, culture, and ideas to advanced economic activity the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1252). The strength of Benklers argument is that its a fresh idea that argues somewhat from a political economy perspective, the production process. The production process has been decentralised due to digital technologies and therefore individuals who previously held no part can create their own ideas by either mimicking, disseminating, copying, plagiarising without consequence. This networked information economy (or decentralisation of production) has led to a blurring of the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) due to the increasing mobility and creativity individuals can utilise as a result of the onset of digital technologies. Benkler believes ubiquitously available cheap processors have radically reduced the necessary capital input costs. What can be done now with a desktop computer would once have required a professional studio (Benkler 2003, p.1254). According to Benkler, a primary contributor to cultural production is pre-existing information, a publicly accessible good while others include human creativity and the physical capital necessary to generate, fix, and communicate transmissible units of information and culture like a recording studio or a television network (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The Internet and digital technologies have to an extent decimated the dominance of the capital generators, those owners and proprietors of copyright such as the television networks and publishers, and allowed consumers to edit pre-existing copyrighted material, or create their own, to the detriment of copyright holders. This leaves individual human beings closer to the economic centre of our information production system than they have been for over a century and a half (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The failing of Benklers argument is that it views digital technologies as offering endless opportunities for individual production. While this may be true, usually the product produced is usually distributed for free and those who attempt to make economic gain are wiped out by the competition that produce free and higher quality software and programs. The impact of the digital environment has led to the proliferation of copyright violations and use of materials by consumers in their own productions and ideas without regard for the intended royalties. This has been seen no better than in the rising prevalence of file sharing software on the Internet, its popularity, dominance, and targeting by corporations for law suits. The most radically new and unfamiliar element in this category is commons-based peer production of information, knowledge, and culture, whose most visible instance has been free software (Benkler 2003, p.1254). An example of these peer network systems Benkler speaks of includes file sharing systems such as Limewire, BitTorent, eMule and Gnutella. Based on peer-to-peer technology (Fattah 2002; Oram 2001), so-called filesharing systems offer the possibility to exchange any sort of digital data for free and without restriction (Quiring 2008, p.435). Considerable losses in revenues have resulted in the film, gaming and particularly communications industries due to the illegal copying and sharing of their products. According to the communications industry, it misses out on considerable revenues each year due to the illegal exchange of communications data (Quiring, von Walter Atterer 2008, p.435). Similarly there has been propagation in the amount of quality free programmes on the Internet that supplant those supplied by corporations and have no copyright protections of their own. The networked information economy opens for radically decentralized collaborative production peer production† a process by which many individuals, whose actions are coordinated neither by managers nor by price signals, contribute to a joint effort that effectively produces a unit of information or culture (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Free software has become the quintessential instance of peer production in the past few years. Over 85 percent of emails are routed using the sendmail software that was produced and updated in this way (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Over 60% of Australians use msn, yahoo, Google or other free E-mail providers as their primary E-Mail account and the development of free virus scanning software such as AVG, free communications composing and artistic programs have gradually eroded communications corporations copyright power and grip on the consumer market. However here, within these filesharing and producing communities the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form and an idea itself are more deeply blurred as the providers of free programmes and those who illegally copy and distribute software, programmes and cultural files (such as communications), known as warez have developed their own codes of production and consumption. An academic of Southern California University, D. Thomas alludes to this in his article Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media identifies three key fundamentals in the warez ethos (Thomas 2002, p.87). Firstly, keeping information free and open in the face of corporate control, an act which they see as embodying the spirit of the Internet; communications or game lovers right to redistribute goods they have purchased providing they do not profit financially. Secondly the sense of an entitlement to digital content, as after buying a computer and internet access they see the content as already paid for (Thomas 2002, p.87). It can therefore be seen that the digital environment erodes copyright protection and the benefits copyright brings to its owners and distributors. Due to the erosion of copyright protections, debate has arisen as to whether the erosion of copyright is desirable. According to Spinello, while they are evermore protected by government legislation, property rights are often dismissed or disparaged in academic circles. Post-modern critics, for example, find it hard, to accept that creative works have a single author, so the assignment of a property right loses intelligibility (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has therefore been argued by many academics, including Lessig that innovation and creativity depend upon free, uncontrolled resources and more precisely, according to Lessig the Internet forms an innovation commons,† that is, a space where innovation and creative expression can flourish (Spinello 2003, p.3). In an effort to protect themselves from the increasing breaches of copyright brought about by these kind of principles and digital technologies that facilitate these breaches of copyright, copyright owners have lobbied governments to extend copyright protection to lifetime plus seventy years and are attempting to override exceptions granted to institutions such as universities and parliaments along with removing the copyright ownership from creators to themselves. This has facilitated the rise of movements against this trend known as Open Access and Creative Commons in order to protect creators and consumers. Open Access and Creative Commons are two organisations that espouse opposing, yet fundamentally similar goals to deal with the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form and ideas themselves. On the one hand Creative Commons argues for the protection of creators through the benefits of minimal copyright protections known as moral rights by issuing their own legally recognised copyright licenses. The moral rights extend the rights of creators to the basic entitlements of attribution and integrity that have adopted in the developed world, including Europe and Australia (excluding USA). While attribution is the right of the creator to have his work recognised by attribution, integrity is the right of the creator not to have his work falsely portrayed or misused. Creative Commons aims to promote better identification, negotiation and reutilization of content for the purposes of creativity and innovation. It aims to make copyright content more active† by ensuring that content can be reutilized with a minimum of transactional effort (Fitzgerald Oi 2004, p.1). Alternately, Open Access seeks to minimize copyright in its entirety. Open Access† means access to the full text of a scientific publication on the internet, with no other limitations than possibly a requirement to register, for statistical or other purposes (Bjà ¶rk, Roos, Lauri 2008, p.1). The purpose of this initiative is to accredit creators with their copyright and offer access to materials at minimum or no cost so as not to stifle creativity due to excessive copyright protections under the law. However one must consider the implications of the erosion of copyright as discussed above and whether protecting old works is becoming obsolete. Some scholars and economists believe that copyright is crucial to the development of society and its advancement due to the protections of copyright and their benefits owners of copyright aspire to. A particular point raised in the town meeting was the relevance of copyright if individuals can merely download audio, visual and software files from file sharing programs on the Internet for no-charge. However a report commissioned by the Australian government in 1998 raised the interesting point that copyright is crucial to the capitalist system of innovation and development. These industries form a significant and, to date, growing part of the Australian economy in 1992-93, the net contribution of copyright based industries to the total economy was an estimated $11 billion in constant prices, or 2.9% of the total GDP and the report concluded Copyright is the glue in the various transactions between creators and investors the legal mechanism which ensures that the value of creative effort or investment is not undermined and devalued by others taking a free ride on that effort or investment (McDonald 1999, p.2). It can be affirmed then, that a system of copyright, limited even, is desirable, if not to protect creators, then to at least achieve a balance between the rights of creators and copyright producers and distributors for revenue and moral accreditation, while allowing access to the public for consumption. A system of limited intellectual property protection is justified both as an inducement for future creative activity and as a reward for the intellectual labor associated with that socially valuable activity (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has been argued by many academics that the complete erosion of copyright protections may dislodge the profitability of many industries such as the gaming, communications and film, to the detriment of future production as creators see no purpose in creation without economic gain (McDonald 1999; Lee 2005). For example Illegal file sharing on the internet leads to considerable financial losses for artists and copyright owners as well as producers and sellers of communications (Quiring, von Walter Atterer 2008, p.434). It can therefore be strongly stated that while at times, when applied without distinction, copyright can be an encumbrance if argued from n Open Access perspective. However one must consider copyright as the glue that McDonald describes it as when considering the incentive effect copyright has in relation to the development and dissemination of cultural information (McDonald 1999, p.2). In conclusion it can be seen that the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) has led to the development of what Benkler has named the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1245). The networked information economy makes it possible for nonmarket and decentralized models of production to increase their presence alongside the more traditional models, causing some displacement, but increasing the diversity of ways of organizing production rather than replacing one with the other (Benkler 2003, p.1247). This has led to the decentralisation of the process of cultural production files (mp3s, film, communications, etc) and is what has ultimately led to the blurring between ideas in material form and ideas themselves as seen with the development of filesharing and peer-to-peer production networks against the backdrop of the digital environment. This has gradually led to the erosion of copyright and the strengthening of legislation in reponse, in turn leading to the development of movements such as Creative Commons and Open Access. The ensuing debate over whether copyright is desirable to retain in the digital environment has led me to conclude that while copyright can act as encumbrance to creativity and learning, by removing its protection the incentive it generates for innovation and cultural production, have necessitated the need for a balance of the two. References: Thomas, D. (2002) Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media, pp. 82-91 in D. Harries (ed.) The New Media Book. London: British Film Institute.

Fantasy In Cairo Essay example -- essays research papers

Fantasy in Cairo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the film Purple Rose of Cairo, by Woody Allen, fantasy and reality are two very poignant themes. However, through discussion, the class brought up points regarding fantasy being Tom Baxter, and reality being Gill Shepherd; my perspective was different. Tom Baxter portrays the main theme of reality while Gill Shepherd demonstrates the role of fantasy. Also, the characteristic strength demonstrated by Cecilia as well as by Tom Baxter is pertinent to the story line. The remainder of this essay will entail why I have seen this film from a twisted view by using examples from the film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the film Cecilia is lonely and weak due to the fact that her husband shamelessly gambles away their money as well as hits her. Cecilia hopelessly goes to the movies to find solace and peace away from her miserable world. While at the movie, Purple Rose of Cairo, she is enchanted by the thought of running away with the lead character. Tom Baxter, one of the main characters in the film, catches Cecilia looking at him with adoration and strongly decides to leave the film and run off with the lonely Cecilia. Tom is a wholesome, naà ¯ve, and sensitive man, who is everything that Cecilia's current husband, is not. Although Tom jumping out of the screen and into Cecilia's arms may seem more like fantasy than reality, it is Tom himself who represents reality to Cecilia. By Cecilia being lonely and abused by...

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay ï » ¿ Injustice is a problem which everyone faces. Nobody likes to suffer from injustice, yet they make others suffer all the time. Yet some individuals like Atticus Finch rise above this injustice enough to stay proud of his ways and to know what he was doing was truely right. Other individuals like Boo Radly hide indoors practicing ways â€Å"Alien† to Maycomb believing what he was doing was morally right and he would be repaid in his afterlife. The last man who rises above injustice is Tom Robinson, who has been charged with a crime he didn’t commit but yet he stayed strong enough to be able to think beyond it and win his court case. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, there are three characters who suffer the most injustice. These people are Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Atticus, a man with great wisdom, suffers from the fact that he had taken on a Negro case. He was constantly persecuted for his decision by all classes in Maycomb county, which made him have to work even harder and keep his head up if he was going to overcome the odds and win the trial. Even though his family was made fun of, he stuck with his choice and worked the hardest he could to ignore the threats and harassment. Some people almost tried to turn his own kids against him through persuading them against him and telling them about the different ways of Atticus; â€Å"‘Do you know he can play a Jew’s Harp?’(About Atticus) this modest accomplishement served to make me even more ashamed of him†(Lee 90). He did very well to ignore all the abuse and was greatly respected after the trial was over. Another person who suffered from injustice was Tom Robinson. He suffered a different type of Injustice than Atticus Finch though. He suffered a Racial Injustice, a raw, upfront injustice; â€Å"‘I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin on my Mayella’†(Lee 173). He was charged with a crime he did not commit. His side of the story was not believed because he was black, which really shows the amount of injustice during the time the novel was set in. Through the whole trial, he did not retaliate at the white people, he did not get mad because he was improperly accused, he just showed the level of respect which everyone deserves.

Cialis †Harvard Business School Case Essay

1.Problem StatementLilly- ICOS LLC is about to launch a new and innovative product intended to help men suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Because of the unique product features, Cialis – the product – has good chances of becoming successful even though it is entering a segment, where Pfizer’s Viagra is the undisputed market leader. In this context, Lilly- ICOS LLC must decide on a marketing strategy, in particular which groups to target and which positioning thus which communication strategy to choose. 2. Situation Analysis (refer to Exhibit 1+2)Lilly- ICOS LLC is a joint venture between ICOS, a small biotechnological start up (no FDA registration experience and no marketing capabilities) and Elli Lilly Company, a large pharmaceutical company with strong competencies in developing innovative quality of life medicines. Competitive product Viagra has strongest brand recognition of any pharmaceutical brand in the world, practically the synonym for ED (product well established in market, dissolved taboo). Pfizer also known for fierce and sustained marketing campaigns post launch (exceptionally high marketing budget) and largest sales force in industry. Competition from Bayer’s Levitra not relevant, expected to mainly target niche market of diabetics. Promotion: Communication focus on classic media; print/ billboard advertising: mainstream magazines (i.e. news magazines) to target couples, female magazines to address partners and (conservative) male magazines (careful selection not to tap in â€Å"playboy drug† trap); TV prime time shows that reach target audience, male specific i.e. sports advertising; no celebrities, average couples as centre of communication. Communication message should focus on communication/ dialogue as the key to a healthy sex life + relationship, ED is treatable, encourage couples to talk openly about the condition and see a doctor/ seek treatment; Cialis as the pill for couples can help to rediscover intimacy and endearment in a mature relationship; furthermore multifaceted below the line marketing actions; physician approach: take advantage of trained sales force (help dissolve insecurities about addressing condition), show distinct advantages of Cialis from medical point of view (almost no side effects), make sure approach is differentiated from Pfizer sales force (soft strategy ≠  aggressive), distribute POS material + free samplesPlace: as Cialis is a prescription drug it will be available at pharmacies and local drug stores. Ensure stock before campaign launch, so demand can be met and potential buyers aren’t driven away by unavailability. Free samples at doctors and hospitals, issue voucher through website redeemable at pharmacies/ drug stores. 5.ImplementationWe believe in the advantages of our product and therefore are confident that we can have a strong market entry in the US market. Considering our potential target segment and relying on past Viagra sales and market share we believe that we can initially gain a 15% market share within 1st year and are expecting to grow 10% annually over the next 5 yrs. With an initial price of $12 per pill (bundled in packs of 6 reflecting current customer consumption habits) we remain affordable to the average customer but we are clarifying our premium status. Thus we expect sales of $700Mn and a profit of $630Mn (margins = Viagra) (see exhibit 4). In order to reach our ambitious goals we are convinced that a strong marketing budget is essential for reaching immediate market penetration and gaining market share. We want to allocate $100Mn for launch and first year (distribution negotiable, 50% classical advertising). Below the line marketing measures: internet – launch specific online portal that provides information about medical condition and possible treatments (especially for patients who have recently been diagnosed, offers privacy + anonymity), include physician finder to easily access treatment close to home; direct mailing to households resembling target group, establish customer loyalty club who get discounts on prescription + are informed about newest research development of condition but also life style news e.g. travel and restaurant tips; incentives i.e. offer weekend- couple hideaways to revitalize relationship to i.e. Cialis Mountain Cabin, Cialis Yacht etc.

Supervisors: Human Resource Management and Performance Appraisals

Introduction Performance appraisals benefit the company in a variety of ways. On the flip side, they can also create difficulties if they aren’t completed correctly. Many problems within the company can arise when supervisors haven’t been properly trained on appraisals. On a bigger note, companies can also be placed in legal trouble if appraisals are done incorrectly. To avoid these issues, the Human Resource Department needs implement training to the supervisors who conduct performance appraisals. ProblemsEmployee Development Using performance appraisals for developmental purposes is one of the greatest uses of them. Employees need to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses in order to produce the best results for the company. Improvements in performance will only occur if the manager has proactive discussions and shows the employee how to make improvements. In this case, Hubert isn’t helping Harriet by fibbing on her performance appraisal. She will continue to â€Å"slip† on her duties because she might not be aware that she is doing it. Reviewing a negative performance appraisal can be a very difficult task, but needs to be done to help the employees develop within the organization.Rating employees the same on the appraisals will not benefit the company at all. Not only is he hindering Harriet’s development, but it probably doesn’t keep Neil motivated. If his performance is outstanding, his rating needs to reflect that. Hubert should be able to tell him how valued he is to the company and how much his performance is appreciated. Retaining good performers is easier when these positive performance aspects are communicated to them. When done correctly, appraisals help to increase employee development and keep valuable employees motivated.Administration UsePerformance appraisals are also used for administration use, an example being what the case represented. The way Hubert is conducting appraisals will not help manag ers when it is time to determine pay increases, decisions need to be made about promotions, transfers, and demotions, or if disciplinary actions lead to termination (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). Now that it is time to make demotions, the appraisals need to help with decisions.These appraisals are not accurate due to Hubert lack of correctly evaluating both supervisors (Mathis & Jackson, 2011, Case: Supervisors). Since there is no documented differences between the two supervisors, the appraisals are useless for administration use. â€Å"An appraiser should be required to provide justifications for the ratings in addition to appropriate documentation and information† (Smith, 2012). The company is going to have to let the better performing supervisor go in order to avoid legal issues. This could create some negative impacts for the company because the appraisal process wasn’t being implemented correctly.Legal IssuesDisparate Impact or TreatmentDiscrimination can either be in tentional or unintentional; either way it is illegal. Performance appraisal need to show an absences of disparate impact and treatment (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). Using the scenario from the case, Harriet could file a lawsuit for discrimination is she were to get demoted or laid off during the reduction in force. Since there is no documented differences in their performance, Neil should be let go due to the seniority Harriet has over him. There could be grounds for a lawsuit if Hubert decides to demote or laid off Harriet.She could claim that they fired her because of her gender, and there would be no way for the company to prove that she was the poorer performer. There have been similar cases like this. â€Å"Adverse impact statistics have also been used successfully in â€Å"Disparate Treatment† cases to support an individual’s claim of race or gender discrimination† (Ducham, 2013). The importance of training manager correctly and evaluating the appraisal system s comes to light in this case.Supervisor TrainingIt is important for companies to properly train their supervisor avoid legal issues with performance appraisals. These appraisals are very beneficial to the company and training of them should be stressed by the Human Resource Department. From the situation that occurred in this case, it seems as if Hubert hasn’t had any training on performance appraisals. To avoid situations like this from happening in the future, Hubert and all supervisors/department heads need to be trained on how to do these appraisals correctly.Mathis and Jackson (2011) pointed out some key topics that Human Resources should focus on when conducting training on appraisals. For this company, training how to communicate positive and negative feedback, when and how to discuss training and developmental goals, and how to avoid the common rating errors should be addressed (p. 347). ConclusionHubert has created a problem for this company, but has showed the impo rtance of proper training on appraisals. The company needs to evaluate their training procedure and make the appropriate changes. With a good training program in place for supervisors, the company will be able to avoid future problems with appraisals.

Argumentative Writing on the Good Effects of Advanced Technology Essay e

The first reason why technology is useful because it helps students have an increased ability to learn. This is because it is an easy way to reach a database that contains information that you would never imagine existed. In the articles that I read it mentioned how technology now allows children to observe things in a classroom in a whole new way, which allows them to be able to understand what they are learning even better than before. why technology is good in the educational field is because it is helping children learn that have a disability. â€Å"Meanwhile, Autism Speaks has launched an initiative titled Hacking Autism, where programmers and developers are invited to work on technology-based ideas to aid kids on the spectrum with learning and social skills.† This is stating how the advanced technology that we hryday lives to be easier and more advanced in a way that nobody could’ve ever imagine, anywhere from an increased ability to educate children and recordi ng data in a computer to saving lives in the hospital using a robotic arm. Works Cited Braiker/Parenting.com, Brian. "Technology in the Classroom: The Good and Bad." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Hornof, Michelle. "The Bellingham Herald." INSIDE OUR SCHOOLS: Technology and Discussions Drive Student Work Classroom. The Bellingham Herald, 26 Nov. 2013. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. Lytle, Ryan. "Study: Emerging Technology Has Positive Impact in Classroom." US News. U.S.News World Report, 14 July 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Woodley, Robyn. "The Slate Online Is Technology Good or Bad?" The Slate Online Is Technology Good or Bad? The Slate, 18 Nov. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.