Culture Is A Way Of Life Shared By People - 852 Words

Culture is a way of life shared by people in a society. Culture is exceptional, although it may have other things in common with other cultures. According to American Culture, â€Å"Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things, said Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London. The United States is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. According to People Culture, within its vast area, Nigeria has over 250 different ethnic groups, all with their own languages and heritage. Cultures are made and followed according to the society or family one comes from or was born in. According to USA - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, Americans are extremely informal, friendly, and call most people by their first name. Most people who come to the United States may already know a few things about the people through TV. Although this is of course a skewed reality some of the stereotypes are true, especially American friendliness and informality. People tend to not wait to be introduced, will begin to speak with strangers as they stand in a queue, sit next to each other at an event, etc. Americans are very casual in greeting. A handshake, a smile, and a hello are all that is needed, which I really agree with but in Nigeria, where I cameShow MoreRelatedEssay on Theoretical and Researched Based Frameworks of Culture1288 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication as follows culture, Intercultural communicative competence , community of practices, and tele-collaboration. They are going to be examined through two key sources; theoretical works and research –ba sed works. 2.1. Culture and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning. In this section, different views of the term â€Å"culture† are going to be presented in order to determine its understanding in this study. Subsequently, the relationship between language and culture is going to be highlightedRead MoreEssay on Radio Creating a Shared Culture856 Words   |  4 Pagesstill dominated by a purely oral culture, the term shared culture was not even a possibility. The switch to literate culture and the invention of writing was the gateway to the beginning of a shared culture as it allowed ideas to travel without the boundaries of location that were previously in place. The notion of having a shared culture only further increased with the introduction of the telegraph and telephone as it allowed for not only the sharing of ideas with people over great distances, but itRead MoreIntercultural Cultural Competence And Identity1335 Words   |  6 Pagescompetence †¦ to reflect on your cultural experience. b) Be selective, choose some of the most influential elements only. c) Discuss how your cultural narrative influences and shapes your identity and how your identity and cultural beliefs have affected the ways in which communication occurred in particular situations or across situation. Be sure to focus on your cultural background and how it shapes how you communicate, what you communicate about, what expectations you have of others, etc. d) Your familyRead MoreThe Existence of Different Types of Cultures1092 Words   |  5 Pages　　Every society has a culture, in fact, every human being is cultured. In our daily usage of the word culture, we often just refer it as a custom or tradition of certain group of people, or else the higher desirable quality we can acquire after paying a hard effort such as playing piano. However the definition of culture is not as simple as that but it refers to countless aspects of life which include every simple elements at whole (Linton, 1945). In general, the social scientists often refer toRead MoreSpritual Leader Interview1472 Words   |  6 Pagesterm â€Å"Culture can have many varying meanings, traditionally, it is thought of as the shared beliefs, traditions, religious practices and values of an ethnic group; or the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people. Culture can also be defined as people with shared beliefs and practi ces: or a group of people whose shared beliefs and practices identify the particular place, class, or time (era) to which they belong. It can also be defined as the shared attitudesRead MoreI Am Surrounded By Knowledge1419 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounded by knowledge. More specifically, the culture I am a part of is one that values collaboration and the sharing of knowledge. This culture is that of students who are in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program (DP). While it is true that I am surrounded by knowledge, it is useless to me if I don’t use it in a successful way. When knowing how to use knowledge successfully, it is important to realize the difference between personal and shared knowledge and also how they can be used togetherRead MoreCulture Is A Dynamic Process976 Words   |  4 PagesIf one were asked to define culture, answers would include things such as one’s own religion, traditions, interests, etc. Many would take a while to answer, rea ching back into their memories and coming up empty by the existential question. Why is that? Defining culture is almost like defining love: each person feels culture differently, yet every single person is a part of it. As Franz Boas, the father of American anthropology, states, â€Å"culture embraces all manifestations of social behavior of aRead MoreEducation Is Important For School Improvement1518 Words   |  7 Pages Most people would agree that children grow and learn when they are surrounded by strong communities that have their best interests in mind. Unfortunately, many children do not have that in their home lives. They are isolated and do not have people in their life that can provide the level of emotional support they need to develop into well-rounded individuals. I believe schools have a responsibility to create an environment where students can feel safe, take risks, and grow to be successfulRead MoreCulture and Foreign Language: Teaching and Learning Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesIn this subsection, different approaches to teaching culture within the foreign language teaching practice and different views of the term â€Å"culture† are going to be presented as a mean to explore the close relationship between culture and language and determine what is understood as culture in this study. As it was mentioned above, there are different definitions of culture. These views have relied on the different language acquisition theories and teaching approaches that have emerged inRead MoreThe Culture Of The Dominican Republic995 Words   |  4 Pagesunique culture and geography. The people of Haiti are proud of their country and their culture. Even though the nation is plagued by earthquakes and storms, due to its geographic location, it does not stop the Haitian people from continuing their unique culture and happy lifestyle. Taking a look at this country’s culture and geography, anyone, civilian, military or political personnel can fully grasp and understand the country’s uniqueness. Cambridge University defines culture as â€Å"the way of life

Racial Profiling Is It Committed A Crime Based On Their...

Racial Profiling the assumption that someone has committed a crime based on their physical appearance and the stigma that surrounds that culture or group. Racial profiling, therefore, affects everyone in society as it is about humanity and social justice. We can all agree that everyone deserves the chance to be free of stereotypes and even those who aren’t amidst racial profiling should realise that they are affected as those who are guilty may not belong to said stereotyped racial group or those who are not guilty may be profiled without actions to warrant so. Growing evidence has shown that in a study conducted by the Canadian government â€Å"participants who identified themselves as a visible minority felt that they had been the target of racial profiling over the last four years compared to non-minority participants (20% vs. 6%). When asked the extent to which racial profiling occurs unofficially, 20% of the participants felt it happened all the time and 62% felt that i t happened sometimes.† (Canadian Department of Justice). These statistics illustrate that even in a country where it is claimed that we are equal and without a biased system people still are treated as if they are something they are not and due to their ethnic background. The article â€Å"Ottawa teen claims he was a victim of police profiling† featured on CBC news will only further serves as a real-life example to help justify these sociological theories that a police officer assumed him a criminal andShow MoreRelatedA Visual Of The Mitochondrial Dna1484 Words   |  6 PagesThesis Discussion DNA phenotyping serves to determine the physical attributes of a specific individual based off of genetic material that was left behind at a crime scene. By being able to determine physical traits such as hair color, eye color, height and skin pigmentation researchers can narrow in on the appearance of a person who committed a crime. This is crucial in forensic genetics who’s geneticists play a vital role in investigating crimes and in turn play a vital role in the legal departmentRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Unfair, Ineffective, And Dangerous1467 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society we face racial profiling every day. People judge people based on the color of their skin. A store owner assumes it’s a Hispanic that stole. A police officer pulls over mainly African Americans for traffic violations. These are all examples of racial profiling. According to oxforddictionaries.com the definition of racial profiling is: The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for su specting someone of having committed an offense. Racial profiling is wrong because it is unfair, ineffectiveRead MoreCriminal Profiling And Racial Profiling1373 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Profiling and Racial Profiling. Criminal profiling has been around since the 1880’s, and up to this day, that method still has not had a great success rate. Also, racial profiling has not had a great success rate either through the years. At times, innocent people get detained and charged with crimes that they never committed due to matching the characteristics of other suspects. In other words, creating assumptions that will narrow down a suspect is just not the best method to utilizeRead MoreMotivation Conference Is A Student Program Outreach Program941 Words   |  4 Pagesasked to do and emptied out their wallets. After the PI students emptied out their pockets and bags, the UCSC students laughed and said, â€Å"oh we just wanted to test you guys because you guys not only looked suspicious enough to do it but also yall appearances scream this kind of behavior†. The students did not know what to do or respond to this kind of treatment because they have internalized it for a long time that they kn ew that they were the first victims of these kinds of offence. The act of usingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Social Issue1537 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Profiling is a social issue that is capturing more and more attention worldwide but especially by North Americans. Racial Profiling is the assumption that someone has committed a crime based on their physical appearance and the stigma that surrounds that culture or group. Racial profiling, therefore, affects everyone in society as it is about humanity. Everyone deserves the chance to be free of stereotypes and even those who aren’t amidst racial profiling should realise that they are affectedRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1657 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle East as a result of 9/11, Islamophobia in the United States has reached new growth. Racial profiling and discrimination of Muslims, Arabs, and those with stereotypical Islamic names or appearances have not only increased in the past 14 years since 9/11, but the results of such actions are devastating to not only the Muslim community but also the rest of America. 42% of Americans support the use of profiling by law enforcement against Arab Americans and American Muslims. Hostilities towards MuslimsRead MorePsychological Motive For Committing Stranger Rape Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pageswas disposed of and found (Kocsis, Cooksey, Irwin, 2002). Kocsis, Cooksey, and Irwin (2002) were able to categorized 85 sexual murder offenders. This model can be used to later create criminal profiles depending on the behaviors exhibited at the crime scene. Behaviors, such as control behaviors, have been found to be significant predictors of offender characteristics. Goodwill and Alison (2007) wanted examined how planning and sexual aggression in stranger rape cases predict offender characteristicsRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States2227 Words   |  9 Pagesshopping, either knowingly or unknowingly has been a victim of some type of racial profiling. People need to realize that racial profiling happens very often to innocent people that are targeted based on race and sometimes religion. Racial profiling can be defined as when an individual is stopped or detained because they are perceived to be more likely to be involved in some sort of criminal activity (Ward, 2002, 726). Racial profiling has been a huge issue in our society f or many years especially for AfricanRead MoreWindy City Racial Profiling Is An Act Of Discrimination Essay2459 Words   |  10 PagesWINDY CITY RACIAL PROFILING 1 Windy City Racial Profiling Edin Hodzic Loyola University Chicago Introduction Racial profiling is an act of discrimination committed by law enforcement officials in which they target certain individuals with the suspicion of a crime due to their race, religion, and culture. In racial profiling, individuals are suspected of committing a crime solely because of their appearance, which is associated to stereotypes of their people committing crimesRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Racial Profiling† The concept of racial profiling has its wide range of definitions. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, racial profiling means â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† In other words, racial profiling has its assumptions that particular individuals are more likely to be involved in transgression or unlawful activities based on individual’s

Insect Repellant Free Essays

Introduction A. Background of the Study For us, a house is a place of residence. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest, store personal property, and prepare food. We will write a custom essay sample on Insect Repellant or any similar topic only for you Order Now In able for the house to fulfill its function, we need to eliminate some factors that disturb us in doing these things. One example is the insect. One of the easiest ways to prevent insects is to use insect repellant. This is the reason why I decide to make a liquid insect repellant for my Science Investigatory Project. There are many commercially available liquid insect repellant in the market. The commonly used commercial liquid insect repellant in the Philippines is quite unaffordable and use chemical that may cause irritation. I plan to use natural ingredients in my Science Investigatory Project. Since the ingredient to be used is natural, the liquid insect repellant to be made is more affordable and environment friendly. B. Statement of the Problem Is it possible to make an effective liquid repellant out of cacao leaves, garlic, vegetable oil, and eucalyptus oil? If it is possible, how is the price and effectiveness of it comparing to the commercially available one? C. Significance of the Study The study is significant to the people who want to protect their house and their love ones against insects specially those who cannot afford the commercially available insect repellant which uses chemicals. Chapter II : Review of Related Literature Chemical Repellants It is no wonder that, considering all of the above mentioned diseases, humans have worked for decades searching for a way to repel these insects. In 1946, a chemical called DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) was developed by the US Army and released for civilian use in 1957. DEET confuses the receptors of most biting insects, rendering them virtually ‘blind’ and thus much†¦ How to cite Insect Repellant, Papers

The Standard of Living free essay sample

The world is an ever changing environment both physically and socially, our focus on living off district homelands has turned to living for the consumerist products we possess. People accumulate debt, from purchasing things with money they don’t acquire. Society has created unjust expectations of what our lives should portray and reflect, with ideals such as the American Dream. Mass social outlets create public endeavors; almost anything in relation to people has become a form of advertisement today. In circumstances such as the short story â€Å"The Standard of Living†, our consumerist ways are depicted through society’s imprint of what our values, dreams and aspirations should encompass. The Standard of living is the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community. The title of this story references how all people at different walks of life, have different values and expectations due to how they were raised. We will write a custom essay sample on The Standard of Living or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Standard of living is more than money and material, it’s how you allow yourself to treat others and receive treatment as well. A person’s standard of living is depicted by how an individual developed emotionally, physically and geographically. â€Å"Always the girls went to walk on Fifth Avenue on their free afternoons, for it was the ideal ground for their favorite game. † This quote refers to how the girls were raised with ideals of being wealthy and well taken care of, they chose to spend time in an expensive area even though there wages did not permit them to purchase any of the items they decided to gawk at. This is a massive indicator of how youth began to change their standards of living and dreams grew to a higher status. Our dreams push us to strive, believe and pray for so much more than our parents ever imagined for us. Our dreams are our motivators, the reason to keep going when times become unbearable. Within the short story, the main characters played a mental game where they would make up various dream-like scenarios, such as winning money and the goal is to imagine how you’re going to spend it. And so this person dies, just like going to sleep, and leaves you ten million dollars. Now, what would be the first thing you’d do? † The objective of the game is to spend every dime without using any of it on anyone other than one’s self. Although, it is a very selfish and vulgar game; these girls don’t have much else to look forward to other than an imaginary life which will most likely never materialize into reality. Every individual regardless of who you are and how you were raised has deeper aspirations than what has always been placed in front of them. The amount of perseverance and ambition of every person consists of the unique characteristics of what their personal journey is aimed towards and what they are willing to sacrifice to achieve that goal. Regardless, if they work at a grocery store and dream of driving a Mercedes, they may live there life fixated by high-end vehicles or they may live it in procrastination. The difference between the individual dreaming of the car and the one driving the vehicle of their dreams is ambition to achieve aspirations. â€Å"Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars! That’s a quarter of a million dollars right there! † This quote exemplifies how these girls are idealistic of a higher stand of living, but aren’t even aware of how much money they would require to live the life they are mentally consumed with. This indicates how materialism and consumerism, has conflicted with realism and verisimilitude.

Talking about Leadership in Your College Application Essay

Its easy to talk about being a leader, but how do you demonstrate that in your college application essay? Here are 5 successful examples from students at UPenn, Stanford, Brown, and Columbia: Johnmasson UPenn ‘17 To divide all mankind into such a distinctive and witty set of classes can only be thebrainchild of someone as clever as Benjamin Franklin. Still, this classification is one of profound implications. Defining oneself amongst the movers, the movable, or the immovable can reveal one’s true character. It is with this mindset that I consider myself one that ‘moves.’ Of course, as an inherently imperfect human being I cannot deny that I have been lazy or inflexible at times; nor have I not been one to follow and let others take action for me. But I the grander scope, I am definitely one who prefers to lead and be the individual to take action or make decisions. Keep reading.Sk94 Columbia’ 17 I watch my grinning friends troop into the auditorium. Some can sense my nervousness, and call out to me reassuringly. I wonder if our relationship will change, once I become head boy. I will no longer be able to take part in all the pranks that they wanted to pull off in senior year. I just hope they will not do something so reckless that I need to march them to the principal’s office. I realise then that I would if I had to. Read more. Ecpj_chief Brown ‘17 I stand on the peak of a mountain, 4,867 feet above the ground, accompanied by a handful of summer camp friends. From the top of the mountain, I take in the beautiful panoramic view of the Adirondacks, unfettered by pesky clouds. The sun shines directly into my eyes, forcing me to squint. Beads of sweat drip down my forehead. Although I am tired, I feel exhilarated. This particular summit is perhaps the most significant of those I have climbed as a hiker. Continue reading.Ecschici Stanford ‘17 I felt a bead of sweat tracing its way down my forehead. My legs began to twitch, as if they knew how badly I wanted to run. I stared, in desperation, back at the nine pairs of eyes that watched my every move. For a second, I imagined my escape- sprinting down the stairs, past the faded murals on the walls, out the gate and into the street. But just for a second. Read more. Brownandproud Stanford ‘15 I walk off the stage and see my nephew running to me. He says â€Å"congratulations,† and as I look around I see my 2 parents, 2 sisters, 15 cousins, 9 aunts and 9 uncles smiling at me and clapping so loud I forget where I am. Twenty five years ago, my parents decided to leave not just Mexico City but their home, family, and culture, in pursuit of a better and brighter future for their families. My father and mother worked endlessly to bring their families over to California. I envy my father’s determination, as he gave up his teaching job in Mexico and worked 60-hour weeks for a decade to provide homes for my relatives. He was the leader, the commander of the ship guiding though the rapid current. It did not matter that we had 18 people living in our home; the most important priority was that we were together. View full profile. Liked these essay intros? Unlock them all in one go in this leadership package. Brainstorm and think carefully about what you want to write in your personal statement and how you want to share your own, unique story. For more inspiration, has a database of 60,000+ successfulcollege applications fileswaiting for you!

The Biggest Differences Between College and High School

The Biggest Differences Between College and High School Sometimes, you need a little reminder of the differences between high school and college. You could need motivation about why you want to go to college  or why you want to stay in college. Either way, the differences between high school and college are vast, stark, and important. College vs. High School: 50 Differences In college ... No one takes attendance.Your instructors are now called professors instead of teachers.You dont have a curfew.You have a roommate who you didnt know until right before you moved in together.Its totally acceptable if your professor is late to class.You can stay out all night without anyone caring.You dont have to go to assemblies.You dont need a permission form to watch a movie in class.You dont need a permission form to go somewhere with your school/classmates.You can pick what time your classes start.You can nap in the middle of the day.You can work on campus.Your papers are much longer.You get to do real science experiments.Your goals in your classes are to learn things and pass, not pass an AP test for credit later.Group work, while still lame sometimes, is much more involved.Theres no busy work.There are museums and exhibits on campus.Campus-sponsored events happen much later at night.You can drink at school-sponsored events.Nearly every event has some kind of food.You can borrow books and other research material from lots of schools. Your student ID gets you a discount - and now a little respect, too.Youll never be able to get all your homework done.You cant turn in fluff and expect to get credit for it.You dont get an A just for doing the work. You now have to do it well.You can fail or pass a class depending on how you do on one exam/assignment/etc.Youre in the same classes as the people you live with.Youre responsible for making sure you still have enough money in your account at the end of the semester.You can study abroad with much less effort than you could in high school.People expect a much different answer to the So what are you going to do after you graduate? question.You can go to grad. school when youre done.You have to buy your own books - and lots of them.You have more freedom to choose the topics about things like research papers.A lot more people come back for Homecoming/Alumni Weekend.You have to go to something called language lab as part of your foreign language class.Youre no longer the smar test person in the classroom. Plagiarism is taken much more seriously.Youll learn how to write a 10-page paper on a 10-line poem.Youre expected to give money back to your school after you graduate.For the rest of your life, youll always be a little interested to see where your school ranks in the annual rankings done by newsmagazines.The library stays open 24 hours or more extended hours than High School.You can nearly always find someone on campus who knows more than you about a subject youre struggling with - and who is willing to help you learn.You can do research with your professors.You can have class outside.You can have class at your professors houses.Your professor might have you and your classmates over for dinner at the end of the semester.Youre expected to keep up on current events - and connect them to what youre discussing in class.You really do need to do the reading.Youll attend classes with other students who want, instead of have, to be there.

Social performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social performance - Essay Example IT infrastructure in health care institutions is also available. Health care facilities, institutions for aging and social challenges, as well as in home solutions for health care technology applications all are available through this multi-capacity ICT based company. ICT can be viewed as a type if IT, thus IT companies has been used for comparison. Apple is a large company that has IT solutions that come in the form of the development of devices and equipment. Apple has a comprehensive code of ethics which includes fair trade issues, supplier responsibility, fair labor, audits around the world, and methods for corrective measures (Apple, 2013). An independent IT consultant, in contrast, has an ethic code that includes information on the rights of his clients and how he will conduct himself in relationship to the work he has been contracted to perform (Camden, 2008). While Apple must address international manufacturing and trade, an independent consultant must be far more concerned with the immediate needs of the individual client relationship. Semprus Bio (2013) is a company concerned with medical IT solutions. The company has similar ethics as most companies but have recently created additions to their ethics codes which include prohibiting entertaining clients in order to gain their business as this can be seen as a form of bribery. Semprus Bio (2013) also has a program to provide items at no cost to the clients that are intended for educational purposes. Some of the issues that this company will need to address in an ethics program is off-sight behaviors, customer relations, and safety concerns during installation. Other ethical considerations that are specific to ICT include cyber theft issues, confidentiality, and customer interrelations. A code of ethics should address how workers will be treated and how they will treat one another. Any legal issues that can

Topic relating to Thanatology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic relating to Thanatology - Essay Example Thanatology is derived from the Greek word â€Å"Thanatos† which literally means death. It is the scientific study of death and all other events that are associated with it. This study is interdisciplinary in nature and encompasses the events that precede the death of an individual and those that happen after death. It also takes a keen look at the society’s reaction to death and other rituals that happen during this sad period. The grief that hits the family members, close friends and colleagues is also captured in this study. Florence and Austin (2003) are of the view that death was previously ignored by philosophers due to the preoccupation with more logical aspects of life most of which bring pleasure and keep pain away. They argue that man is naturally tempted to talk about things that bring pleasure and avoid those that bring pain. The two also point out that individuals (especially in Africa) avoid the subject of death because they believe that the mere mention of the name attracts misfortune. However with time, people begun to appreciate the inevitable and hence the study of thanatology was accepted in the modern society. Today it is a core subject in the medical profession. It is studied by nurses, psychologists as well as psychiatrists with the sole aim of helping individuals handle death and its ripple effects. Asked how they wished to die in a random radio interview, people gave various responses. Some said that they would wish to die in their sleep while others said that they would rather say goodbye to this world courtesy of an airplane accident. Others pointed out that they would wish that Jesus comes back and gave them their judgment while still alive. Quite a number said that they would rather not discuss the subject. As evident in the radio interview, the issue of death draws mixed reactions and emotions among different people. Philosophers argue that the manner in which one dies determines the emotion

Report 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report 3 - Assignment Example We will make sure that all our ads will comply with the Chilean laws (Shaver and Soontae 67). The ads will be in English targeting the right group to use smoke detectors in their home; however, I would prefer using Spanish because most of Chilean speaks it. Most of our advertising budget will go the Television whereby we will want to increase the number of times a commercial will be aired per week. Therefore, allocating much of the budget to television is because it is the most effective medium for advertisement and will be $1,750,000 per year (Warc n. pag). The viewers cannot ignore an advert that comes as they watch a program they love, thus making it more effective (Shaver and Soontae 71). Our commercial will be aired in one major television station, which is Channel 4. The commercial will be aired in the evening hours, mostly when the news is ready in order to target the more mature customers twice a week. The television advert emotionally highlights the importance of having a smoke detector in the house, with fireman ready to come to the rescue. It will highlight the catastrophe fire can cause if a house does not have a smoke detector and the losses one can get. The commercial will finally show how a person with the burned house i s going to our store to buy a smoke detector and goes home happy. Our team also discussed using the most listened radio stations in Chile by the targeted consumers with a budget of $200,000 annually. After doing a statistical analysis on the most listened national radio stations, we decided that we would advertise with RCN La FM. It is the most listened radio stations by mature people who the major targets of our product. The advert will be aired on the morning hours while people are going to work in the La  ½ Maná ½ °ná ½ °. The advert will be aired three times a week. In Santiago alone, 97% of the population listens to a radio station. The radio commercial

A Contrastive Analysis Of Vietnamese And English English Language Essay

A Contrastive Analysis Of Vietnamese And English English Language Essay No one can deny the fact that cultural values have a strong influence on the use of language, especially speech acts. Many researchers have conducted the studies of the contrastive analysis of speech acts between learners native language and the target language for the purpose of helping learners improve their communicative competence. In my essay, I have the attention of doing a research on the speech act of permission in Vietnamese and English because the speech act of permission is widely used in everyday interactions and plays a major role in communication. Specifically, I focus on the way to ask for permission and some expressions of giving permission to point out similarities and differences in terms of syntactic and semantic formulas between Vietnamese and English. In Vanderveken s view, By uttering sentences in the contexts of use of natural languages, speakers attempt to perform illocutionary acts such as statements, questions, declarations, requests, promises, apologies, orders offers and refusals. (Vanderveken, 1990, p. 7). They are called speech acts. It may not be an exaggeration to say that mastering the use of speech acts is essential and practical. More importantly, the cross- culture study of speech acts needs to be invested because the cross-culture study of speech acts is vital to understanding of international communication (Eisenstein, 1989, p. 199) and Rosaldo also cautions that Violations of cultural norms of appropriateness in interactions between native and nonnative speakers often lead to sociopragmatic failure, breakdowns in communication and the stereotyping of nonnative speakers. (Rosaldo, as cited in Hinkel, Long, Richards, 2006). Thats why permission which is one of the commonly used speech acts should be considered in all respects. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000), the noun permission has two meanings. It is defined as the act of allowing somebody to do something, especially when this is done by somebody in a position of authority. Besides, another meaning of permission is an official written statement allowing somebody to do something. In my essay, I just focus on the first meaning to discuss permission speech act which makes up a high proportion in every interaction. So, asking for permission is the act of wanting to know whether a person can do something or use something or not. Ex: Can I use your bike? In Vietnamese dictionary (2010), the definition of asking for permission (xin phà ©p) is quite similar to English definition. It is also used to make sure that a person is allowed to do something. Ex: Tà ´i cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng mà ¡y tà ­nh cà ¡Ã‚ »a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng? In daily life, whenever a person wants to do something or uses something that belongs to another person, its important to ask for permission. It is because asking for permission shows his/ her respect for others and increases the chances that his/her request will be granted. However, the expressions of asking for permission are differently expressed by different people in different cultures. The speech acts of asking for permission is indeed confusing and complicated. Therefore, the addressers should pay much attention to the asking for permission expressions so as to make a polite permission that will be granted by the authority and avoid creating a permission which will be assumed as joking, rudeness or sarcasm. Also, utterances used to give permission should be deeply concerned in order to know the intentions which the addresser actually wants to say or to do. These intentions are revealed in the asking for permission expressions. In the previous studies, researchers take asking for permission into consideration. They investigated some unique factors involving in the way to ask for permission from others. They are: ethnic difference, gender difference, situation difference or social status difference. There is no doubt at all that The way people ask for permission, to greater extent, is affected by the situation in which asking for permission is expressed different cultural background of the speakers. (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). In other words, cultural values or norms of behavior are likely to be responsible for producing different ways of asking for permission. After investigating the utterances expressed by the Chinese and Javanese students of SMU Krisyen petra 3 in asking for permission for taking leave, Soehartono Sianne explain that Each ethnic has different opinion about what politeness is (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). Actually, according to Samovar and Porter, the notion that is deeply rooted in the English speaking culture is individualism (2000, p.67). One of the characteristic of individualism is that people in English speaking culture, especially the American believed all people have personal privacy. For instance, anybody mustnt step into anothers house without permission. Nobody has the right to read any others letter even parents mustnt read their childrens private letters. That is the reason why people should ask for permission regardless of age, social status and relationship. People will be punished if they infringe upon any others personal privacy with the motivation of curiosity, profit or malice. It is because personal privacy is respected highly and protected by law in these countries. Similarity, the Vietnamese also highly regard asking for permission. In the past, Vietnamese ancestors create many valuable folk songs, proverbs in order to teach posterity how to behave well, establish and maintain social rapports. For example: Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c ăn, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c nà ³i, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c gà ³i, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ Another proverb: Ä i thÆ °a và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  trà ¬nh Moreover, Huynh explains that: In Vietnamese society, the predominant sentiment in the relation between members of a social group is respect. This is particularly evident in the attitude towards older people. Respect and consideration for old age no doubt derive from the obligation of filial piety that requires young people to respect and love their parents and parent-like members of the family. (Huynh, n.d.). Therefore, no one can deny the fact that people have to ask for permission to get married, stay overnight at the friends house, ect even though they are old enough to make decisions. Vietnamese people believe that if young people disobey the elders advice, they will suffer bad consequences of their actions Cà ¡ khà ´ng ăn muà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi cà ¡ Æ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡n Con cà £i cha mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹ trăm Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng con hÆ ° The elders are actually the carriers of the tradition and the embodiment of knowledge and wisdom. (Huynh, n.d.). In general, asking for permission in Vietnam and English speaking countries play the important role in every speech situation irrespective of culture. Regarding the frequency number of language functions, Soehartono Sianne show that There are four language functions that never occur in the permission utterances expressed to the teacher as the superior (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). They are: (1): Suggesting a course of action (2): Requesting others to do something (3): Advising others to do something (4): Instructing / directing others to do something By having analyzed the data, Soehartono Sianne find out the predominant function seeking permission and conclude that: Seeking permission function is followed by apologizing function that uses to show that they are in the lower position and reporting function that is used to convince the authority. (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). When it comes to this essay, its purpose is to systematically examine Vietnamese and English asking and giving permission to draw out some similarities and differences in terms of syntactic and semantic formulas and meet the requirements of language teaching and learning. In English language, the most familiar syntactic patterns are Can I borrow your pen? Could he use your phone charger? (Question head + S + Verb phrase with bare infinitive?) Would it be OK if I borrow/ borrowed your pen? Would it be alright if he uses/ used your phone charger? (Question head + S + Verb phrase with simple present or past subjunctive?) Do you mind if I borrow/ borrowed your pen? Would you mind if she uses/ used your phone charger? (Question head + S + Verb phrase with simple present or past subjunctive?) Meanwhile, syntactic formulas employed to ask for permission in Vietnamese language is quite limited. The most commonly occurring patterns are: (1) Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º dà ¹ng Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n thoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u nhà ©? (Can I use your cellphone?) (2) Em ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i Ä‘Ã ¢y Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹? (Would it be ok if I sit here?) (3) Con cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ Ä‘i chÆ ¡i và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t chà ºt Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹? Con sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  lià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n. (May I go out with my friend for a while, Mom? I promise to come back home soon.) In Vietnamese language, there is a low frequency of the structures containing if. Even they are never employed. For Vietnamese people, the most commonly used syntactic patterns in English Would it be ok if I borrow your pen? or Do you mind if I use your phone charger? are the unusual patterns for the speech act of asking for permission. It is because that we can not translate two above utterances into Vietnamese Would it be ok if I borrow your pen? ( Cà ³ Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u mà ¬nh sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng bà ºt mà ¡y cà ¡Ã‚ »a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n?) Do you mind if I use your phone charger? (Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n cà ³ phià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n khà ´ng nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u mà ¬nh sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n thoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i cà ¡Ã‚ »a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n?) It sounds unnatural and clumsy. Thats the reason why Vietnamese people seldom use these utterances to communicate. Instead, they have a tendency to say: Mà ¬nh mÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £n bà ºt mà ¡y cà ¡Ã‚ »a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©? Mà ¬nh sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n thoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i cà ¡Ã‚ »a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n? When using these expressions to ask permission, Vietnamese people never forget to smile. It seems that they want to create intimacy and friendliness. Thanks to that, they can erase the strangeness and increase the possibility of granting. In term of semantic formulas, almost all the English expressions of asking permission contain modal verbs: can, could, may, might,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦However, the choice of the appropriate modal verbs depends on age, social status, degree of acquaintance, respect, situation, ect. Ex- In the shop: a conversation between clerk and customer Clerk: May I help you? ( Tà ´i cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ già ºp gà ¬ cho bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n?) At school: a conversation between two friends (they have close friendship) P1: Can I use your pen? (Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º dà ¹ng vià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t cà ¡Ã‚ »a cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng?) P2: Of course. (Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c mà  ) Moreover, when asking for permission to do something, the English usually use the word please to make the request sound more polite. Its not grammatically necessary to use please but a person may sound rude if he/she doesnt use it. Please can be put in different places: at the start, end or before the verb Ex: Please can I borrow your car? Can I please borrow your car? Can I borrow your car, please? In addition, a more important way of showing politeness is the tone of intonation and voice. Even if a person use the word please, he/she can sound rude if his/her pronunciation is not correct. One characteristic difference from asking for permission in English is the word cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ (can, could, may, mightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) used in Vietnamese. It doesnt mention different degrees and types of modality. It just makes the permission more polite. Ex: Tà ´i cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ già ºp gà ¬ cho bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n? (May I help you?) Furthermore, its interesting to note that, on the semantic level, the word xin phà ©p is used not only to ask for permission but also to convey the meaning of saying goodbye. The expressions containing the word xin phà ©p are employed to ask for permission from the authority, elder and superior. Ex: Em xin phà ©p thà ¡Ã‚ ºy cho em ra ngoà  i à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡? (May I go out?) In other cases, Vietnamese people want to show the courtesy and respect when saying goodbye. Therefore, they use expressions like this: Ex: Xin phà ©p bà ¡c con và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  (It means: chà  o bà ¡c con và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ .) Xin phà ©p mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i mà ¬nh Ä‘i trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc (It means: chà  o mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i mà ¬nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ .) They are not expressions of asking for permission. Surprisingly, they are greetings. People often say these expressions with a smile or nod. When it comes to giving permission, Vietnamese people express a preference for these words or expressions: à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ª, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c mà  , khà ´ng sao Ä‘Ã ¢u, cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y Ä‘i, cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © là  m Ä‘i, cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± nhià ªnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ More interestingly, they also have the habit of adding the words including particles which express attitude and feeling toward the addressee: dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, và ¢ng, à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ , à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ex: Dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡! Meanwhile, in response to asking for permission, people in English-speaking countries seem to use these expressions frequently. (1) Yes: used when you are giving permission (2) Of course: used for giving someone permission in a polite way (3) Certainly: used for expressing agreement or giving permission (4) All right: used for saying that you will allow someone to do something, or you do not mind if they do it (5) If you want: used for giving permission or agreeing with a suggestion that someone has made (6) By all means: used for politely agreeing with someone, giving permission or saying yes (7) As you wish: used for telling someone that they can do or have whatever they want (8) I dont see why not: used for saying yes when someone asks for your permission (9) Help yourself: used for giving someone permission to do or use something (10) If you (really) must: used for telling someone that it is all right to do something, even though you does not want them to do. Its interesting to note that in English, people can not know the power relations (social status or age) and relationship (close, normal or distant) between two speakers because the word yes can be used to give permission in all cases. In contrast, in Vietnamese, people may focus on the words dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, và ¢ng, à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «, à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to know power relations and relationship between interlocurs. Ex: A conversation between grandparent and nephew Grandparent: Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i và  o phà ²ng con Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©? (Can I come in?) Nephew: Dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i và  o Ä‘i à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡! (Yes) Ex: A conversation between two close friends F1: Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n cho mà ¬nh mÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £n tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p nghen? (Can I borrow your book?) F2: à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ª, bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y Ä‘i (Yes) In Vietnamese culture, people are willing to avoid unpleasantness by giving permission although they dont want. This contradiction can lead to great misunderstandings. Therefore, Yes may not mean Yes. When Vietnamese people say: No problem, it can mean Yes, there is a problem. (Vietnam, n.d.). In this case, double and even triple check should be kept to maintain social rapport Its clear that the English and the Vietnamese pay regard to the custom of asking for permission. They consider the choice of expressions very carefully. The way English people and Vietnamese people employ asking permission speech act is influenced by two factors: power relations (social status or age) and relationship (close, normal or distant) between interlocutors. However, the characteristic feature which makes English different from Vietnamese is the use of modal verbs. They are used to ask for permission with different degrees and types of modality. Meanwhile, Vietnamese people have a habit of adding the particles dà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «, à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡, nhà © to the expressions of asking and giving permission to show respect, courtesy or intimacy. One another difference between Vietnamese culture and English culture which affects the use of language is that Vietnamese people rarely refuse permission. They dont want to create unpleasant and threatening atmosphere during conversation. Sometime, they give permission to maintain social rapport and satisfy the addressers positive face. To some extent, this should be avoided because it can cause great misunderstandings. In conclusion, Language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value (Kramsch, Widdowson, 1998, p. 3). Vietnamese culture is quite different from English culture. Thats why the way people ask for permission and give permission are not similar. Learners should take notice of that to achieve the success in learning the target language. When it comes to learning a second language, one of the problems learners have to face with is the influence of the first language and culture on the second language use. As a consequence of this problem, learners are not confident when communicating or even cause pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic failure. To overcome the above difficulties, I would like to discuss some implications for language teaching and learning based on contrastive analysis between Vietnamese and English asking and giving permission. Firstly, it is necessary for English teachers to raise students awareness of culture similarities and differences between patterns of asking and giving permission in English culture and Vietnamese culture. Teachers can combine many suitable teaching ways to help learners understand the conflicting patterns. For example, teachers can explain, describe, illustrateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Learners must be well aware of the influence of the culture on language to avoid communication breakdown or offence and converse with native speakers of English successfully. Secondly, English teachers should supply input as much as possible in order to improve students ssociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic competence. Teachers can apply the progress of technology to language teaching. Teachers compile and design real situations based on the Internet, on TVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for use in class. Besides, teachers need to provide more options for asking and giving permission to satisfy the requirements of everyday interaction. Finally, teachers should create communicative opportunities for students to practice asking and giving permission in English. Through role play, interview, dialogue, survey,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, students have chance to use the expressions they have learnt in real situations. Significantly, they know how to choose suitable expressions in different situations. Thanks to that, students are able to engage in successful communication with native speakers. These are some suggested activities I collected on the Internet to serve the needs of language teaching and learning. Activity 1 : Work in pairs and practice the dialogues For the lower level students: F1: Can I move your card? F2: Yes, you can. (b) F1: May I move your card? F2: Yes, you may. For the middle level students: (a) F1: Is it ok if I move your card? F2: Yes, it is ok. (b) F1: Do you mind if I move your card? F2: No, I dont mind. (c) F1: Would it be okay if I move your card? F2: Yes, it would be ok. For the more advanced level students: F1: Would it be alright if I moved your card? F2: Sure, itd be alright -OR- Of course itd be alright. (b) F1: Would you mind if I moved your card? F2: No, I wouldnt mind. (c) F1: If you dont mind, Id like to move your card. F2: Sure, I dont mind. (d) F1: Would it bother you if I moved your card over there? F2: No, it wouldnt bother me at all. (e) F1: Is it alright to move your card so I can pick up my card? F2: Sure, its alright Activity 2: Many times, hotel staff will find themselves in situations where they will have to take some action that will effect  the guest. In these cases, the staff should politely ask the guest for their permission before taking any action. The  guest may also ask permission to do something. It is only polite to ask for their permission before doing so. There  are several expressions that can be used for asking for permissions. Look at the expressions below.   Expressions Possible responses Is it OK if . . .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I really wish you wouldnt.   Do you mind if . . .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No, I dont mind. Go ahead   May I . . .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sure, no problem.   Would it be a problem if . . .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   No problem at all.   Would it be OK if . . .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No, please dont     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would prefer that you didnt.   Dialogue: Work in pairs and practice the dialogue (a) Staff: May I pour you more wine, maam?   Guest: Sure.   (b) Staff: Do you mind if I clean the room now, sir?   Guest: Actually, would it be possible for you to come back in half an hour?   Staff: No problem, maam.   (c) Guest: May I borrow you pen.   Staff: Absolutely sir, here you go.   (d) Guest: Would it be a problem if I left my luggage here for a few minutes?   Staff: No problem at all, sir. Ill, keep on eye on it.   (e) Staff: Is it OK if I make a copy of your passport?   Guest: Sure, whatever you need.   Conversation Activities 1. Practice using the above expressions by having a dialogue similar to the ones above with a partner, one  partner taking the role of the guest and the other the role of the staff. For additional practice, switch roles.  Practice the dialogue several times, trying to use all of the expressions noted above.   2. Role play the following situations with a partner, one person taking the role of the guest and the other person  taking the role of a hotel staff.     Permission by Staff   Move some luggage out of the passage way   Open a window   Refill a coffee cup   Pull down a shade   Get their room key or card   Permission by guest   Leave bags behind a counter   Smoking in a restaurant   Borrow a pen   Take newspaper from lounge to read in room   Leave a message for a friend  

The Outsider By Albert Camus V :: essays research papers

The Priest(Kafka vs Camus) The Outsider, written by Albert Camus, and The Trial, written by Franz Kafka, are two books that have been critically acclaimed since the time that they were published. There are critics that claim that The Outsider is a dull book, and is not even a read-worthy book. Other people claim that it shows us how society actually acts upon people who do not want to be like the rest of society. The Trial falls under the same kind of criticism; but both books, although written by different writers in a different à ©poque, fall under the same kind of genre: Imprisoned Lives. In both The Outsider and The Trial there are many people who influence the protagonists in a positive and in a negative way, but none of those characters are as important as the priest. The priest, being of the same profession in both books and trying to accomplish the same kind of tasks, have a totally different effect on the two protagonists. In The Outsider the priest changes the whole attitude that Meursault has to li fe, whereas in The Trial the priest tells Joseph K. how his life actually is. "Why do you refuse to see me?" This question was asked by the priest and was meant for Meursault. Normally, if a person is convicted to death, he will see a priest before the sentence is executed. Meursault did not do that. He profusely refused to see the priest and why should he? He "did not believe in god." Meursault did not care, as he did not care if his mother died, or if someone proposed marriage to him. This of course went totally against the rules and ethics of society, which cannot permit such kind of behaviour. But why does Camà ºs characterize Meursault like that? Why did he create such kind of an outsider to society? Camà ºs created such an outsider because he wanted to show people how life actually is. Society does not accept people who do not bend the truth a little and lie. Society wants to make life as easy as can be, making up lies so that everything can run smoothly because truth can hurt sometimes, and Camà ºs knows that. Camà ºs implements the priest not just as another character in the novel, but as a person who wants to tell Meursault how society expects him to behave. Meursault did not want to know how he has to act to make the society happy, as a matter of fact, the priest was "beginning to annoy" him.

History of James Town Virginia Essay

James town is regarded as the first permanent English colony in America. It was founded in 1607 in Virginia. Physically, this colony had an upper hand in military benefits since it had a deep mooring which acted as the harbor for ships as well as being far up the James River in a location that was out of sight of the Spanish whom the Britons did not want a confrontation with. The site was also semi arid in nature and the colony was fully protected on all its 3 sides by the marshes and by the James River. Its founding led to a series of encounters in terms of culture and these aided in shaping America as a nation and the world at large (Carbone, 17) . The culture and lifestyles of these early Virginians is what has shaped the heritage of United States in terms of governance, language, beliefs, aspirations and customs. The establishment of James town as a colony was sponsored by a group of investors who called themselves the Virginia Company of London. The main aim of this company was to benefit in terms of monetary gains especially from new outlets and colonies. The company was also established in a way to compete with the French and the Spanish internationally (Haile, 14). This group set out on the basis of a charter granted to the company by King James I. the main reasons why King James sent the ships to sail was to go forth and find gold, find a direct route to the south seas, and /or find the lost Roanoke Colony. Jamestown was therefore the first British colony in North America. The aim of these investors was to benefit in terms of profits from this venture. The first ships to reach the Virginia coast were The Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed which arrived there in late April 1606. These ships carried a total of 105 passengers. Captain Christopher Newport led the expedition and after two weeks, they discovered a site along James River that was favorable in terms of its good defensive position and deep water anchorage. The site that these explorers chose was 60 kilometers from the bay of James River. The reason for this was that the expeditors did not want any conflict with the Spaniards who had already settled there (Colonial Life Jamestown 1607, 1998). The passengers disembarked on the day after and started settling. These first colonialists were made of upper class Englishmen. The location of the colony was in the midst of Algonquian-speaking Indians who were governed by a powerful ruler referred to as Powhatan. The main aim of the passengers on board the three small ships was glory and destiny, wealth and discovery. Little did they know that the steps they had taken for their own benefit and their own personal beliefs and dreams that they set out to achieve was the first step in the birth of a nation currently called the United States of America (Smith, 13). Problems faced in the colony. The established of the colony was faced with many problems that included establishment of the colony in a poor location that was insect infected, marshy and which lacked fresh waters. This lack of water led to diseases like Malaria and dysentery which claimed many lives. Other problems in the newly established colonies were the in ability to deal with the native Indians which led to frequent war fares. The first colonialists were lazy and they hated farming and therefore they were unable to feed themselves. The original colonialists were not ready to engage in any form of labor even if it was for their own personal interests of preservation. They were not used to hard manual labor and since they were considered as gentlemen, they preferred lazing around to working in the farm. This led to the death toll in the colony being catastrophic and this led to an unprecedented savagery level (Doherty, 7-8). The area that the original colonialists chose was low lying and swampy and this made it a good spot as a breeding ground for insects and more so mosquitoes. This therefore made the original colonialists to be vulnerable to a variety of diseases. Because of the marshy nature of the Island, it was impossible for the colonialists to obtain fresh water and this made them drink the salty water from the James River or that from the well which was brackish in nature (Bridenbaugh, 47). The colonialists were also unable to maintain or form a peaceful and workable relationship with the Native Indians. This made the relationship between the settlers from Britain and the Powhatans Indians to be strained and violent in the whole of the colonial period (Morgan, 90). The high rate of mortality rates was also a major problem in James town. It is estimated that 3 out of the 4 6000 settlers who settled in James town between 1607 and 1624 died. This increase in mortality rate led to the Colony being referred as â€Å"a hellhole where savage death, illness and death awaited (Doherty, 112). In the early days, the colony also suffered from explosions and fires which were disastrous and the city is reported to have been burnt down twice. Governance of the colony The colony was initially governed by a council of 7 members whereby one member served as the president. Serious relationships in terms of relations with the Indians soon emerged even though there were established trading opportunities. The colony was affected by a rise in disease and death due to lack of water, supply of blackish water and an unfamiliar climate, conditions which were influenced by a prolonged drought. Because the original colonialists of this colony were upper class Englishmen, there was lack of skilled farmers and sufficient labors in the colony. The passengers of these ships were mainly townsmen and adventurers who were more concerned with farming as compared to farming. Therefore they were unequipped in terms of temperament and the ability to embark and adapt in a new life in the wilderness. In September 1609, Captain John Smith took over as the leader of the colony. He was the fourth council president and he is best known for establishing the no work, no food policy. This policy meant that those people who did not participate in the work shall not share in the food as well. He was also very instrumental and influential in trading with the Indians for food. He therefore emerged as a dominant figure and he was able to instill discipline and this was influential in holding the colony together. This he achieved despite constant attacks from the Native Americans, starvation and constant quarrels. Captain Smith was injured in the fall of 1609 by burning gunpowder and this made him leave for England never to return to Virginia again. His departure led to the descent of the colony into anarchy. John Smith is proclaimed to be the only man who was able to maintain peace between the Indians and the settlers. After his departure, the colony was faced with a starving time which was basically a warfare period between the Native Indians and the Colonialists. The Starving Time involved a colony that was hard hit by a winter season that led to the freezing of the river. This led to the death, through disease, of many Britons both men and women. Many of these colonialists succumbed to disease in the winter of 1609-1610 and died. By May 1610, only 20% of the original first colonialists were arrive i. . 60 of the original 300 who were settlers in Virginia (Smith, 58). It was at this time that the colonialists decided to leave James town and therefore abandon it. No sooner had they decided this than other settlers arrived in Virginia in search of wealth. These settlers arrived in 1610 and they carried with them supplies from England. Their arrival was based on a second charter granted by King James I. the provision of this charter was a stronger leadership which was to be implemented by a governor who worked hand in hand with a group of advisors. This charter also provided for a period of military law that could be introduced and this law carried with it a harsh punishment that was implemented on those who did not follow orders or those who refused to obey. It was in 1619 at Jamestown where the first British representative government in America began. The new settlers’ aimed at making profits for the Virginia Company and therefore they involved themselves in various small industries that included wood production, glassmaking and tar, potash and pitch manufacture. However these ventures were not successful (Smith, 58). It was John Rolfe who in 1613 introduced tobacco as a cash crop with an aim of profiting the company. The embracement of tobacco as a cash crop led to the rapid growth and expansion of Virginia colony. This is because its cultivation required large amounts of investment in terms of land labor. This made the settlers to move to the lands formerly occupied by the Native Indians. This also led to more servants coming to Virginia. This was a development that revolutionized the economy of Virginia. What John Rolfe did was to simply cross breed the seed of imported tobacco from West Indies with that of the native plants and this led to the development of a new variety that fitted and was pleasing in taste to the preferences of the Europeans. Even after this development, the prosperity of Virginia colony did not occur immediately. This is because during this period, the rate of death from starvation, diseases and attacks from the native Indians was still very high. On average, around 14000 Britons had migrated to the Virginia colony between the years 1607 and 1924. However by the end of 1924, only about 1,132 Britons were living there (Traugh, 96). Relationship between Jamestown and other colonies. There came a time in the mid 17th century whereby the mother country i. e. England paid little attention to its American colonies. This led to England neglecting some of its colonies in North America. The colonies in North America also suffered from the bitter religious and political contention that existed in the Mother country and Jamestown was not excluded. The bitter rivalries in religion that occurred in Britain affected the overseas colonies Jamestown included (Traugh, 96).

George and Lennie Comparison Essay

George and Lennie, two extraordinary characters in Of Mice and Men, Similar yet very different. Both Lennie and George rely on their friendship to survive. Lennie depends on his friendship with George to make the correct desisions. George relies on the friendship he has with Lennie in order to plan for the future. While Lennie depends on George, in some ways George depends on Lennie. For example, despite George’s impatience and annoyance with Lennie, and his remarks about how easy his life would be without him, George would lead a much harder life. George always explains to Lennie what is correct and incorrect and makes sure that Lennie behaves. Finally, in order for George to have a future in mind, George needs Lennie. George and Lenny both shared the same type of hard work, and both of them lacked friendship in their lives. Both George and Lenny want something more in life – they are both dreamers. Their similarities lay below the surface where they appear different. George is a small, quick man with well-defined features. A migrant ranch worker, George dreamt of one day saving enough money to buy his own place and be his own boss, living off of the land. The hindrance to his objective is his mentally handicapped companion, Lennie, with whom he has traveled and worked since Lennie’s Aunt Clara, whom George knew, died. The majority of George’s energy is devoted to looking after Lennie, whose blunders prevent George from working toward his dream, or even living the life of a normal rancher. Thus, George’s conflict arises in Lennie, to whom he has the ties of long- time companionship that he so often yearns to break in order to live the life of which he dreams. This tension strains George into demonstrating various emotions, ranging from anger to patience to sadness to pride and to hope. George’s companion, the source of the novel’s conflict. Lennie, enormous, ungainly, and mentally slow, is George’s polar opposite both mentally and physically. Lennie’s ignorance and innocence and helplessness, his childish actions, such as his desire to pet soft things, contrast his physical bulk, making him likeable to readers. Although devoid of cruel intentions, Lennie’s stupidity and carelessness cause him to unwittingly harm animals and people, which creates trouble for both him and George. Lennie is tirelessly devoted to George and delights in hearing him tell of the dream of having a farm, but he does not desire the dream of the American worker in the same way that George does. His understanding of George’s dream is more childish and he grows excited at the possibility of tending the future rabbits, most likely because it will afford him a chance to pet their soft hides as much as he wishes. Nevertheless, a dream is a dream, different for everyone, and George and Lennie share the similar attribute of desiring what they haven’t got. Lennie, however, is helpless to attain his dream, and remains a static character throughout, relying on George to fuel is hope and save him from trouble

The Difference between Agricultural Societies and Hunter

The Difference between Agricultural Societies and Hunter Discussing the Distinctions between social groups In the course of time, people have been searching for techniques and approaches to adjust to geographical, social, and cultural environment in the past and in the modern contexts. Gradual development of social and culturally different groups and nations, however, is not predetermined by a biological evolution, or by unequal conditions for the civilization development.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Difference between Agricultural Societies and Hunter-Gathers Societies in the Past specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, Brody distinguishes between two social groups – hunters-gatherers and farmers – that were formed irrespectively of each other due to the certain historical and social conditions (14). Hence, the author states that farmers are more mobile, restless, nomadic, and expansive in comparison with hunter-gathers who prefer to s tay on a more secure, home territory (Brody 114). The difference between agricultural societies and hunter-gathers societies also lies in temporal characteristics and the level of technological penetrations (Gonzalez 3). In particular, farmers are more developed in technological terms because they should work out strategies for increasing productivity and advancing farming practices. However, Gonzalez emphasizes that original farmers who lived on the territory of the North American were more inclined to use ecology-friendly techniques to sustain traditional modes of farming and agriculture (27). In discussing the differences between farmers and hunter-gatherers, Evans-Pritchard outlines two distinguishing criteria that identify the Nuer tribes: political system and ecology (47). In particular, hunter-gathers do not have particular organizational structure and subordination; instead, their political order is more close to anarchy. In ecological terms, the hunters and farmer can be cl assified in accordance with spatial discontinuity. In contrast, Pollan speaks about farmers and foragers through their attitude to plant and animals (123). In particular, farmers considered corn not only as the food, but as the good that can be sold. Therefore, there were mode focused on advancing their technologies and increasing yield. In their turn, foragers were less developed in these terms because they correlated food with culture and spirituality.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While examining the elements of Nuer culture as compared with contemporary communities originating from the immigration, Holtzman emphasizes that the Nuer life is closely connected with the waves of immigrations to the United States and explains that hunter-gatherers are more attached to traditions, kin relations, and culture (42). They had little interest in technologies and other tec hniques because their values were not based on materialistic objects, but on the spiritual development. Social and Historical Forces That Are Responsible For These Modes of Life in the Recent Past Considering social factors affecting the formation of the farmers and hunter-gatherers, mostly all humans were hunter-gatherers over the years. However, this mode of life gradually altered due to the rise of agriculture that developed in societies. Paradoxically, despite of their chaotic structures, these groups are often united on the basis of kinship and tribe membership. Brody also emphasizes that hunter-gatherer tribes have a distinct division of labor on a gender basic (2). In this regard the nomadic groups of the past are closely associated with the migration process in the contemporary societies. Hence, the waves of immigrations predetermined by political and social processes made people change their modes of lives and choose a hunter-gatherer style of living (Pollan 24). The social and economical instability, therefore, played a decisive role in forming the groups (Gonzalez 103). The analysis of historic precondition distinctly reveals the evolution of farmers and hunters where the conventional strategies applied to agriculture have been gradually replaced by modern industrial farming (Gonzalez 172). Social and Historical Forces As Presented in the Current Situation Identifying the group: historical and social influences The migration processes in the twentieth century caused significant shifts in the lives of the American people and immigrations. Blend of cultures and traditions, therefore, have made both groups change heir lives and outlooks on the current situation. I would like to present the migration process in the United States and how the waves of migration influence political environment and modes of life of different groups, which are the brightest examples of modern conjunctures. It is possible to assume that migration paths are closely connected w ith group’s motivations and goals to explore other lands and possibilities. Therefore, those people who migrate to the United State were less concerned with economic and social conditions, but were guided by the possibility to innovate.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Difference between Agricultural Societies and Hunter-Gathers Societies in the Past specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Providing connection between the past and the present. The migrating groups debunk the myth about historical and social predetermination of the group affiliation either to farming or to foraging communities. Hence, the facts that the migrating groups derive from the agricultural societies does not guarantee that they could change their farming orientation. Hence, the migration of the African tribes to the United States pushed them to the marginal areas proves that these groups with a deep historic of hunting and gathering can be simply converted in an agricultural society. Such process can also be called as the second Neolithic revolution, the transition from foragers to farmers. Such a conversion is predetermined by necessity to adjust to the new mode of living. From migrated groups from Africa, agriculture and farming was the only means for survival; it also provided a favorable ground for adjusting to alien culture and tradition and for meeting the needs of a new social and political environment. Brody, Hugh. The Other Side of Eden: Hunters, Farmers, and the Shaping of the World. New York: North Point Press, 2001. Print. Evans-Pitchard, E. E.. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Instituions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1940. Print. Gonzalez, Roberto Jesus. Zapotec Science: Farming and Food in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. Print. Holtzman, Jom. Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives. Needham Heights: Allyn Bacon, 2000. Print.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pollan, Michael. The Omnovore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin Press, 2006. Print.

How do you make women use restroom inside in India Essay

How do you make women use restroom inside in India - Essay Example Women have to walk in groups and accompany their daughters when it calls for defecation periods. It is upon these shocking revelations that, the researcher intends to investigate possible solutions to this and draw a policy that if implemented, will culminate into women’s use of restrooms without further threats. This should capture every culture and local condition as despite the government spending 7000 scores yearly in toilets constructions; it has failed to answer women problems culminating into disuse. Toilet designs should factor in elements of geographical conditions, water and culture (India today international, 1997, p. 156). Besides constructing toilets, environmentally friendly toilets should stand erected as stated by Gramalaya who has been constructing rural toilets in India for two decades. Some design may scare women particularly on holding balance, hovering and butt positioning, that is approximated at six inches over the seat. But it is recommended that they hold the toilet paper dispenser, handle or enlargement of gap between the toilet and butt. This aims at making public restrooms to properly separate gents and ladies facilities so as to avoid case of males harassing and molesting females. This has been seen in places such as schools that have usable toilet rated at 63 percent in 2013. Fear of rape by women, makes it difficult for them to use restrooms, there should be increased and well trained security guards with higher levels of honesty to assist women who may opt for restrooms. This will instill courage within these women which will rebel against their deeply-rooted open defecation culture. It is surprising that despite increased number of toilets in India, less impact has been felt as culture drives open defecation making many toilets disused. There are urgent calls for more input to create awareness on significance of using toilets. Women face infection particularly, when pushed to defecate in dirty fields during

The History of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Research Paper

The History of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India - Research Paper Example Taj Mahal depicts the internal love of Shah Jahan for his second wife Mumtaj Mahal. There are many people, archeologist and historians who feel that Taj Mahal was one of the most famous architectural masterpieces which was the undisputed beauty and a magnificent art of human hands (Tillotson, 2008, p. 1). It is one of the most symmetrically perfect monuments ever built in India and it is the mixture of great beauty, perfection and extreme engineering. It was built during the timeframe of 1631 to 1648, it took almost twenty two years to complete. It was built by the side of Yamuna River and its total area covers the forty two acres or 17 hectares of space (DuTemple, 2003, p. 6). And it took a staggering forty million rupees to complete the Taj Mahal, which was a huge amount of money at that time making the Empire almost bankrupt (Garg, 2009, p. 44). The basic structure was replicated from the Humayuns’s tomb. However, it can never be stated that Taj Mahal is a replica of any ot her tomb; it has its own beauty which can never be replicated. The whole complex and design consist of the Taj Mahal itself, the symmetrical lake, Mahtab Garden, a mosque and a guest house on the east side. It is basically made by bricks but the outer part is of expensive white marble. The main tomb it based on a huge marble platform which is called plinth, the expensive gemstones were used in flowery shapes to give an outstanding beauty to the white body of the marvelous tomb, and the entire complex of Taj Mahal is guarded by the red sand stone (DuTemple, 2003, p. 25). The Taj Mahal is consisting of four major octagons and those were centered by the main central dome. The facade of the central tomb consists of tall architectural constructions; the Quranic calligraphy was exhibited on the walls of the four pillars (Petersen, 1999, p. 275). The most important and the most beautiful part of the Taj Mahal is the enormous white coloured central dome. The main dome was positioned exactly at the center of the architectural phenomenon and it has the height of forty four meter (DuTemple, 2003, p. 43). It should be remembered that the Taj Mahal was not built by one person it was a complex design and it was initiated by many artists. The chief architect was Ustad Ahmed Lahori; his two colleagues were Mir abd al-Karim and the great Makramat Khan (DuTemple, 2003, p. 23). The facade of Taj Mahal got a great central Iwan which has the great Quranic calligraphy (Petersen, 1999, p. 275). The Great Garden of Taj Mahal known as the Mahtab Garden also has a great significance. It was a part of the Moonlight garden which occupied twenty five acres (Deitz, 2011, p. 151). This was the garden mostly visited by the royals in the night. This was meant to be like the garden of heaven and the lake within reflects the beauty of the Taj Mahal, which is another wonder. By 1642, the garden had been finished (DuTemple, 2003, p.64). The garden has a great implication on the beauty of Taj Maha l. The Mahtab Garden was the added beauty to the Taj Mahal with the magnificent aroma of jasmine and other fragrant plants. This architectural beauty also has many stories which reflect both positive and negative impression about the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and also about the Mughal dynasty itself. The beauties are not created to be replicated in many forms. Some people and guides say that Shah Jahan chopped off

Group Dynamicss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group Dynamicss - Essay Example They help generate group synergy, which lead to increased accomplishment above the aggregate of individual efforts. This paper presents a team outline of the principal team within which I work. It also provides a description and analysis of the roles of the team members with reference to the Meredith Belbin team/group work role theory as discussed in taught sessions and supporting reading materials. This paper also presents an ongoing reflection of my own teamwork skills which recognises my individual strengths and weakness. It presents a reflection on my strengths and weaknesses in terms of communication with others including giving and receiving feedback. Finally, it presents a conclusion of the findings from literature and discussion underlined. A team outline implies to an arrangement of a single team or multifaceted team structure. According to Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009), a team outline is a fundamental part of a teamwork development. A suitably outlined nursing team entails a proper framework that facilitates a characteristic care plan, intervention and treatment. Additionally, it entails a useful integration of operational communication, leadership, situation evaluation and joint efforts. According to Nancarrow, Moran, Enderby, Freeman and Dixon (2009), an appropriate team outline, in a nursing environment, can advance joint effort by integrating a selected leader, which includes the patient, care givers and the family. Over and above join efforts helps every group member to take part in the activities of the team and further fosters accountability in member’s actions. Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009) claim that everyone in a teamwork setting must identify their team outline in order to help plan and achieve the set goals or objectives. The following is an outline of the principal team within which I work: nurse manager, director of nurses, patient, physician, doctor, pharmacists, clinical care providers, staff nurses, ethics committees

Bonds and Their Valuation Mini-Case Essay Example for Free

Bonds and Their Valuation Mini-Case Essay Sam Strother and Shawna Tibbs are vice-presidents of Mutual of Seattle Insurance Company and co-directors of the companys pension fund management division. A major new client, the Northwestern Municipal Alliance, has requested that Mutual of Seattle present an investment seminar to the mayors of the represented cities, and Strother and Tibbs, who will make the actual presentation, have asked you to help them by answering the following questions. Because the Boeing Company operates in one of the leagues cities, you are to work Boeing into the presentation. a.What are the key features of a bond? Answer: 1.Par or face value. We generally assume a $1,000 par value, but par can be anything, and often $5,000 or more is used. With registered bonds, which is what are issued today, if you bought $50,000 worth, that amount would appear on the certificate. 2.Coupon rate. The dollar coupon is the rent on the money borrowed, which is generally the par value of the bond. The coupon rate is the annual interest payment divided by the par value, and it is generally set at the value of r on the day the bond is issued. 3.Maturity. This is the number of years until the bond matures and the issuer must repay the loan (return the par value). 4.Issue date. This is the date the bonds were issued. 5.Default risk is inherent in all bonds except treasury bondswill the issuer have the cash to make the promised payments? Bonds are rated from AAA to D, and the lower the rating the riskier the bond, the higher its default risk premium, and, consequently, the higher its required rate of return.

Matters Of Fact Relations Of Ideas Philosophy Essay

Matters Of Fact Relations Of Ideas Philosophy Essay Humes fork has two kinds of judgments. The one prong is known as matters of fact. Matters of fact are known to be true on the basis of experience. They are usually empirically verifiable and contingently true. That is, they vary based on the world. An example of a statement that Hume would classify as a matter of fact is The sun rose today or I exist. The other prong on Humes fork is called relations of ideas. Relations of ideas are known to be true independent of experience. They are self-evidently true. That is, if someone were to deny it as true, then they would be in contradiction. An example of this is All fathers are male. b. Define these 3 kinds of judgments identified by Kant, and give one example of each: a priori analytic, a posteriori synthetic, a priori synthetic. Believing that Humes fork was not fully correct, Kant came up with his three types of judgments. The first of which was the a priori analytic. A priori analytic statements are similar to Humes Relations of Ideas. That is, these statements allow one to gain knowledge without appealing to any particular experience as well as they are not expansive but explicative. In other words, they are self-evidently true and if one is to deny this, they would be in contradiction. An example of this would be A bachelor is an unmarried man. That is, the validity of this statement is tautological. A second type of Kantian judgment is known as a posteriori synthetic. A posteriori synthetic judgments are similar to Humes Matters of Fact. They are a posteriori because they are contingent facts that usually appeal to some particular experience to be known. They are synthetic as they are expansive, as they expand on the subject. An example of this kind of judgment would be Some triangles are isosceles or Ryan is wearing a red hat. Both of these require some experience that would allow for one to determine the truth value of the statements. Another way to think of examples of synthetic a posteriori statements is by thinking of possible worlds. That is, a statement that is synthetic a posteriori would be one that you can imagine a possible world with it without causing a contradiction. An example would be the sun is yellow. Obviously we can agree that in this possible world it is yellow, however, in another possible world, the sun could be bright purple and it would not cause a contr adiction. A third type of Kantian judgment, which Kant adds to correct Hume, is known as synthetic a priori. This doesnt relate to any of Humes fork. As previously mentioned, it says a synthetic statement as it is expansive and its a priori they can be known without experience. It seems difficult to understand, yet this is what Kant brings in order to allow for metaphysics and even pure mathematics. An example of a synthetic a priori statement would be Every event has a cause. This is a synthetic a priori as we know it is true without having to experience it, but it is synthetic as it is expansive and not explicative. c. Briefly, what kind of judgment does Hume take mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12, to be? What kind of judgment does Kant take mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12, to be? Hume and Kant have different views when it comes to mathematical claims, such as 7+5=12. Hume would say that the statement 7+5=12 is a relation of ideas as it is a mathematical claim. That is, he views that if you deny 7 add 5 as the same as 12, you would be in contradiction. That is, 7+5 is defined as being equivalent to 12. Kant would have a differing view when it comes to mathematical claims. Kant would say that 7+5=12 is a synthetic a priori statement. This is because Kant feels that 7+5 does not contain the concept of 12. That is, you can think of the prior without the second, which is what makes Kant feel it is synthetic, but as with most math principles, they are not seen in the world and are considered by Kant to be a part of the laws of nature. Therefore, Kant views them as a priori. d. What is Kants answer to the question: How is pure mathematics possible? Kants answer to the question how is pure mathematics possible is a very long one. In fact, it takes up a large section in his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. He does this by explaining his Copernican revolution of space and time. Kant feels that space and time serve as indispensable tools that help arrange and categorize the images of objects imported by our sensory organs. Anything we see or hear would be useless unless our minds have some space and time to make sense of it. Kant, unlike Hume, wants it to be possible for us to have knowledge outside of experience. He writes if intuition must conform to the constitution of the objects, I do not see how we could know anything of the latter a priori. (pg. 516) Yet, Kant feels that pure mathematics is only possible if we allow for a synthetic a priori statement to exist. (pg. 555) That is, a priori intuition would allow for the appearance of objects to be possible to us. Kant feels strongly that pure mathematics is only possible because we can have intuitions of space and time as phenomena. Phenomena are things as they appear to us given how our thought and sense perception work. However, it is important to note that Kant feels that pure mathematical propositions are not just creations of the imagination, but they do exist in space and time. (pg. 557-8) This is very important to Kant as it is one of his huge additions to Humes Fork which eliminated metaphysical claims and even math and science to an extent. 3. Knowledge of Nature a. Briefly, what does Kant mean by the term experience? Kant uses many terms that require special definitions. One such term is experience. Experience to Kant is the combination of an intuition with a concept in the form of judgment. In other words, it requires concepts that allow us to express a necessary and universal synthesis of intuitions. They describe the synthesis of intuitions in consciousness in general. b. Briefly, how do judgments of experience differ from judgments of perception? Judgments of perception are only subjectively valid. That is, they hold good only for us as individuals as they narrate how things appear to us as individuals. In other words, they describe the synthesis of intuitions in ones own consciousness. An example of a judgment of perception is The tower looks small to me or I feel the warm stone, then I see the sun shining on it. A judgment of experience is one that is about, or directed to objects of experience. An object of experience requires concepts that allow us to express necessary and universal synthesis of intuitions. In other words, it describes the synthesis of intuitions in consciousness. That is, they describe how we view the world is in general. An example of a judgment of experience would be nature is the existence of things so far as it is determined according to universal laws. It is a truth which is not subjectively qualified unlike a judgment of perception. c. Why does Kant think that we can know a priori that All events have a cause? Kant thinks that we can know a priori that all events have a cause. An a priori statement is one that is true in terms of its meaning alone. In other words, the statement all events have a cause is a fact upon which experience depends. Kant felt that the antithesis, no event has a cause would not produce a contradictory or meaningless statement, proving that it is synthetic. And the original statement, all events have a cause is a priori as Kant felt it can be known without the need of experience. Kant wrote that the principles of possible experience are then at the same time universal laws of nature, which can be known a priori. (pg. 565) In other words, Kant felt that all events have a cause would be considered a universal law of nature which are known a priori. d. Give an example of a metaphysical claim that Kant thinks we are NOT entitled to make. Why would he think we are not entitled to make that metaphysical claim? A metaphysical claim that Kant thinks we are not entitled to make would be the soul is immortal. He feels this is because metaphysical claims are illegitimate when they use a priori concepts beyond the bounds of any possible experience. Kant writes examples can only be borrowed from some possible experience, and consequently the objects of these concepts can be found nowhere but in a possible experience. In other words, Kant writes that you cannot make a claim such as the soul is immortal without relating it to some possible experience and thus taking away the a priori concept.

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henrik Ibsen Dolls House Essay

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House Ibsens's play is a modern tragedy which functions on two levels, questioning the established social order of the day and presenting the death of a marriage. Both these events create a great deal of tension, and combined with the language and actions used by the characters, make the play very intense. The main cause of dramatic tension throughout the play is the way that the difference between the real nature of the characters and the roles they are assigned by society is presented. This difference is demonstrated by the disparity in the action of the characters in comparison with their lexical choice. The initial impression given by the opening scene is of a happy traditional household. The first element of dramatic tension in the play is introduced when Nora demonstrates this inconsistency when she lies to Helmer about having eaten macaroons, Helmer: "Has my little sweet-tooth been indulging herself in town today, by any chance?" Nora: "No, how can you think such a thing?" It displays the way in which Nora is not always entirely honest with Helmer in order to maintain the inferior and obeying image he has of her. It indicates that all is not as it first appears, creating dramatic irony and tension, as the audience are aware of the truth, yet Helmer is not. The immediate declarative used, "No" followed by the interrogative "How can you think such a thing" displays that Nora is firstly attempting to remove all doubt of her innocence, and then switch the focus of the conversation to Helmer to distract from the fact that it is she who is lying. Language is used to create dramatic tension as the different registers used by the characters in different situa... ...s something is going to happen or its near the end Unexpected turn when Mrs Linde says Helmer must know the truth Nora HINTS AT PLOT Helmer points out Nora's vulnerability - what would happen if he died. When Helmer condemns Krogstad - dramatic irony because audience know Nora has done the same as him. WAITING Nora almost telling Helmer but delayed as Dr rank drops in and gives black crosses so she has to wait longer. Helmer goes to study to read the letter - audience and Nora are waiting to see what happens when he returns. DESPERATION Krogstad warns Nora against suicide - shows how desperate she must be. Tarantella dance displays her desperation physically. IMAGERY The Christmas tree reflects Nora's state (e.g. bright and colourful at the beginning, candles burnt out nearer the end) Fancy dress represents Nora wearing her false self