What Is Discrete Mathematics

Mathematical ideas are often divided into two types, those that are continuous, and those that are discrete. An example of continuous is the number line. Between any two points, there are always more points. For discrete sets, this is not true. For instance, in baseball there are four bases. If you get a hit it is either a one-base hit (what we call a single), a two-base hit, a three-base hit, or a home run. There is no such thing as a 2 1/2 base hit. Discrete things are found in bundles or lumps, and you can only have certain numbers of them. Money is another discrete idea because you can not sell anything for $0. 005. Prices can be grouped for specials, like 2 for 99 cents, but if you buy one it is either 49 cents or 50 cents. Discrete does not mean it has to be whole numbers, but it does mean there are only some that can be chosen, and some can not. Discrete sets can be infinite, but they can not be infinitely divisible. For example, the counting numbers from 1 to infinity are discrete, because, like the bases in baseball, you go from one to two and then to three but not the points in between. The number line from 0 to 1 is not discrete but continuous, because between any two points in the set, there is always another point. This is the key that makes the difference. In discrete we can talk about things that are â€Å"next to† each other, with nothing between them, while in continuous sets we cannot.

Osim swot analysis Essay

Introduction to the segment of holistic lifestyle products and their need in today’s market Short intro to brand osim and its heritage A short study on what has been osim’s market standing in asia (this will help ease the swot analysis in the essay) Introducing what the essay will be about – will & How osim can survive in the market Starting with strength Asia’s no.1 preferred healthy lifestyle brand Since it already has top of the mind recall and customer trust (and loyalty) behind it, it can position itself in America just as it positions itself in the Asian markets. It can position itself as an Asian holistic brand in the American markets. Given its already numero uno status in asia – osim can increase its sales by changing up its method of advertising (tvc, print and more outdoor) and creating more brand awareness. Weakness & opportunity Luxury brand – expensive turn around and introduce a need to make it seem as a medically beneficial product needed by one and all It’s main weakness is that it is priced as a luxury product which ensures that biggest consumer base of middle class looks at it as a luxury rather than a necessity. To take care of this, osim can price itself competitively and concentrate on its product placements (example, residential areas – lobby’s) it can also try the free product use for a limited period, so people can first hand see the benefits of the product. Given its business model (u.s) osim can also innovate its products to suit the needs of the American consumer. Threats Cheap products which make use of the same technology that osim uses Less priced local products Any competitor who will sell the same array of products at a lower price. Long shelf life of its products (no one will buy a massage chair everyday) threatens the business model itself. Introduce the big question, whether or not you think osim will survive? Answer : yes, it will. Why? Because it places innovation and global market domination as one of its mission statements. A breakaway from the traditional advertising will suit its needs. Expansion of the brand will help with its evolution. OSIM – EXPANSION IS THE KEY TO SURVIVAL Technology ushered in the 21st century and with it came countless innovations and products aimed at our well being. With long working hours and even longer waking hours, the health of the average individual has been on a constant decline. This has resulted in a huge market opportunity for many health-based brands, world over, as people today want the comforts of the gym in their homes. And given the lack of products or brands that cover this field extensively has resulted in certain brands having a monopoly over this segment. But as we know, monopoly is no guarantee for a long shelf life in a constantly changing consumer market, so what do these leading brands do in order to survive and extend their brand life is highly imperative. A brand facing these very questions is OSIM – Asia’s leading health and lifestyle product brand. With monopoly over the health-based product markets in China, Osim rapidly captured markets all over major nations in Asia and established itself as a leading brand in the segment of holistic healthcare. Founded in the year 1980 by Ron Sim, it grew rapidly from its humble beginnings as an electric and household appliances company to a hugely successful health and lifestyle brand as we know it today. The brand underwent a lot of changes initially when founder Ron Sim having discovered the enormous untapped potential of health and lifestyle products in the Asian market, decided to abandon the original electrical and household appliance route of Osim and dove headlong into the health and lifestyle market in Asia. Consumers were very accepting of Osim’s product offerings and the stock of Osim rose very rapidly in this initial period. But as every coin has two sides to it, Osim’s business model is in itself a threat to its survival! With health and lifestyle based products having a long shelf life, people are unwilling to buy Osim’s product offerings repeatedly. An apt example of the same would be the signature massage chairs that they are renowned for, while this product is their no. 1 seller, it also has the longest shelf life, making the time period between a repurchase really long. Other similar weaknesses that threaten the brand’s very survival are market saturation. As other local products flood the market using Osim’s innovative technology, consumers are bound to be swayed by the promise of cheap price and good technology. While these problems are unavoidable and run parallel to the brand’s very nature there is a bigger problem that threatens Osim – limited market reach. As mentioned before, Osim leads brand markets all over Asia, especially in China. Enjoying a top of the mind recall value as being â€Å"Asia’s no.1 health and lifestyle brand†, Osim has all but saturated its own expansion opportunities within the Asian Continent. This fact coupled with the long shelf life of its products and a high price bracket make international expansion the only long term and viable solution for Osim to ensure its survival in the long run. Ironically, Osim recognized this very problem and they had also made a move to correct the very problem in 2005 when they acquired American national level specialty retailer Brookstone such brand is OSIM, asia’s leading health and lifestyle brand. Founded in the year 1980 by Ron Sim, it grew rapidly from its humble beginnings as an electric and household appliances company to a hugely successful health and lifestyle brand as we know it today. The brand underwent a lot of changes initially with Founder Ron Sim having discovered the enormous untapped potential of health and lifestyle products in the Asian market saw a huge reversal in Osim’s sales and revenues as people started buying Osim’s unique health based products. Based on this performance and the market’s reaction to his brand, Ron Osim officially launched brand OSIM in the year 1993. Riding high on its initial success, brand Osim opened up 60 new point of sale product distribution outlets within Asia. Further reaching out it opened up stores across Malaysia and Indonesia too. This aggressive expansion strategy combined with its business model saw brand OSIM garner the top spot in the Asian markets within a short period of time.

Generic Drug Profile : Salbutamol Generic Drug Profile - Salbutamol

New Zealand trade names: Ventolin, Respigen, Salamol, Asthalin, Salapin and Broncolin. Drug Class: Therapeutic class: bronchodilator. Pharmacologic class: sympathomimetic (stimulates the sympathetic nervous system). It is also classified as a SABA (short acting ÃŽ ²2-agonist). Formulations: The most common administration is by inhalation of a pressurised metered dose aerosol. Inhalation of Salbutamol directly reaches the lungs and acts rapidly with fewer side effects, but only 10-25% is actively absorbed as the remainder is swallowed (Orion Phama, 2015). Oral administrations by tablet and syrup forms are used by patients who can’t manage the inhaled route. Salbutamol has a lower onset of action via the oral route and 50% of the dosage is absorbed from the intestinal tract (Salbutamol, 2014). Salbutamol can also be given intravenously for severe or life threatening asthma. It may also be given by intramuscular injection. Patients are best treated with single-ingredient ÃŽ ²2-agonist preparations so dose adjustment is simple (NZ Formularya, 2015). Indications: Salbutamol is a ÃŽ ²2-agonist which causes bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles on the bronchiole. It is a reliever of bronchospasms in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and emphysema. It provides short acting but instant bronchodilation to reverse airways obstruction. Inhalation of Salbutamol has an onset period of 5-15 minutes and lasts for 2-5 hours. Salbutamol isIs the Illegalization of Marijuana Valid? Is The Illegalization of Marijuana Valid? The debate over the legalization of Cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, has been one of the most heated controversies ever to occur in the United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries world wide and is documented as far back as 2700 BC in ancient Chinese writings. When someone says ganja, cannabis, bung, dope, grass, rasta, or weed, they are talking about the same subject: marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized because the government could earn money from taxes on its sale, its value to the medical world outweighs its abuse potential, and because of its importance to the paper and clothing industries. This action should be taken The first step in Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent campaign is collection of facts to determine whether injustices are alive, which is what Antigone does when hearing about the death of both of her brothers. What! Has not Creon to the tomb preferred One of our brothers, and with contumely Withheld it from the other? Eteocles Duly, they say, even as by law was due, He hid beneath the earth, rendering him honour Among the dead below; but the dead body Of Polynices, miserably slain, They say it has been given out publicly None may bewail, none bury, all must leave Unwept, unsepulchred, a dainty prize For fowl that watch, gloating upon their prey! This is the matter he has proclaimed – Excellent Creon! (Sophocles 2). Antigone is talking to Ismene and telling her all she has heard about the injustice that she has heard that Creon has created. She is very frustrated and wants only to bury her brother so he may have a peaceful afterlife and not go to the underworld or be stuck in purgatory. Creon’s edict stating Polynices cannot be buried under any circumstances is harsh because Creon most likely would have revolted against his brother if he was banish from Thebes just so he wouldn’t have to share the throne. After Antigone gathers upThe Country Of Brazil : Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and the largest in Latin America. Its limits are: To the north, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; to the south, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay; To the east, the Atlantic Ocean; And to the west, Peru and Bolivia. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. Brazil occupies almost half of the South American territory. Brazil has borders with all South American co untries except Chile and Ecuador. The most important cities in Brazil are Sà £o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. (theapricity.com) Landforms of Brazil Brazil is divided into five primary geographic areas: The Southern Highlands, the Norther Guiana, Brazilian Highlands central and east, the massive Amazon River Basin, Pantanal wetland areas of the southwest. Guiana Highlands The Guiana Highlands composed mainly of flat-topped mountains extending in a roughly east-to-west direction across the north of the country. Guiana has approximately a territorial extension of 214,970 square kilometers. They are home to Brazil 's highest point. The Guiana Highlands feature plunging waterfalls and deep waterfalls. Amazon Basin To the south of the Guiana Highlands lie the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. The Amazon Basin covers an area of 6,122,726 km ², and covers lands in several countries of South America: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and Bolivia. Brazil is the one that has more extension in the Amazon Basin. The largest tropical rainforest

Gastroesophageal reflux disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Research Paper Example If the stomach motility is disturbed then it is possible that the contents would last their much longer and this would increase the bulk of the gastric contents which would reflux into the esophagus (Kumar et al 2005; Dore et al 2008). The reflux from the stomach can lead to esophagitis which means inflammation of the esophagus. The gastric juices entering the stomach can lead to an injury of the gastric mucosa of the esophagus and this leads to irritation in the esophagus. Most of the cases of GERD are primarily seen in children and the clinical features show heartburn, hematemesis or melena. The damage to the esophageal mucosa does not depend upon the symptoms of GERD but rather depend upon the time for which these symptoms have been occurring. If a reflux is not stopped for a long time then it is possible that much of the esophageal mucosa would be damaged. If the condition of GERD gets severe a person would face the problem of bleeding, ulcers, strictures and may possibly develop Barrett Esophagus (Kumar et al 2005; Hall & Guyton 2006). References KUMAR, V., ABBAS, A. K., FAUSTO, N., ROBBINS, S. L., & COTRAN, R. S. (2005).  Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders. Hall, J. E., & Guyton, A. C. (2006).  Guyton & Hall physiology review. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Top of Form Dore, M.

Leadership Theories in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theories in Organisations - Essay Example There are various theories that explain how entities are led to achieve company’s objectives. Trait approach theory, skills approach theory, transformational leadership theory, situational approach theory, style approach theory, contingency approach theory, path-goal theory and psychodynamic theory are leadership theories to be analyzed. The area of focus is leadership in the construction industry. Sir Michael Latham, Sir John Egan and Ray O’Rouke (Build 2008) have been identified as leaders in the construction industry. According to Chartered Institute of Building (2008), UK’s construction industry does not have highly influential leaders. Trait leadership approach suggests that personal characteristics dictate success and effectiveness of a leader. According to Daft (2007 p. 38), intelligence, honesty and patience are some of the personal characteristics that must be possessed by all leaders. Creativity, self confidence, higher levels of energy, height, self ap pearance, knowledge, speech fluency, popularity, sociability, persistence, hard work and desire to excel are some of the key traits that define leaders (West and West 2006 p. 98; McNeal 2010; Griffin P. 473). In addition, simple acts of kindness can make one a strong and reliable leader (Maxwell & Littleton 2001).Trait approach theory presumes that leaders are born and not made. This theory approach does not seem consistent with the construction sector in the UK. This is because the sector lacks highly influential leaders yet it presumes that leaders are born and not made. Does it mean that of all the employees in the construction sector, there is no single natural leader? It is not possible in the whole industry not to have a single person with all or most of the personal attributes that makes one a natural leader. Most leaders and managers in the construction industry were above forty three years of age. If leaders were born, then the industry could have

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing - Essay Example The focus of the case study is on the Tata Ultra-Low Cost Car. The Tata Nano is a small car targeting the lower echelons in the society. The product has several distinct features such as size, engine size, design and speed. The car borrows from the principles used in the production of the Volkswagen Beetle and the British Mini popular with the Mr. Bean films. In all cases, the cars were produced to meet a certain market segment and increase the ease of acquisitions. The performance and efficiency of the cars may not be compared to other luxurious cars, but the main goal of the cars is to reduce cost of purchase, as well as maintenance (Hollensen, 2007, p. 287). The car has registered mixed fortunes in the market since it was officially launched into the market. The marketing of the product may be the weak link, but there are still other improvements to be implemented in the product to succeed. Additionally, the product will face stiff competition from Bajaj motors who also intend to produce fuel efficient cars that fit in the same category as the Tata Nano. Market Segmentation for Tata Nano Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market using a certain way in order to target a certain set of buyers or consumers. In the past, most companies employed mass marketing with the exception of the motor vehicle industry which initially targeted the rich, but later covered the middle class and the current trend are to incorporate the low end earners (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 34). To incorporate them, Tata Motors produced the Tata Nano. Tata Nano is nicknamed the â€Å"people’s car† based on the specification and performance stipulated by the company. The cars were rolled into the market in 2006 with the Nano have different specifications (Beverly and Thomson, 2011, p. 67). The four-door Nano is over 10 feet long and nearly five feet wide. The size indicates the targeted market segment because the bigger the size the higher the cost of the vehicle. In addition, it is powered by a 623cc two cylinder engine as compared to the standard four cylinder engines. The reduction in the cylinder numbers is to reduce fuel consumption. In the process of reducing the fuel consumption, other features are eliminated. The maximum speed of the car is 65 miles per hour, which is slightly slower compared to luxury cars. The location of the wheels of the vehicle at the extreme ends improves the handling. It has a small trunk for load carriage (Allen, 2010, p. 89). The product design ensures cost of production is reduced while ensuring that the needs of the customers are met. The product targets the low end users in India which has several challenges (Cleland and Ireland, 2006, p. 45). India is marked with a serious challenge in terms of transportation because of the increased traffic snarl ups and jams. These traffic jams leads to loss of fuel and affects people's wealth. The production of the Nano ensures easy transportation and lower cost even in t raffic jams due to the low consumption associated with the car. The lower echelons in the society have already been targeted by other companies such as the production of the Maruti 800 by the Maruti Udyog Ltd. The Nano has distinct advantages over the Maruti 800 because of the seating space, luggage space and cost. The product’s target market of the middle class and low echelons in the society must be evaluated to obtain brand association. The middle class in India cannot be

Life and Death in Shanghai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life and Death in Shanghai - Essay Example It is a tribute to those who suffered while protecting their dignity and ideology. Nien Cheng presents herself as a symbol of sacrifices given by Capitalist China. She showed how people who refused to surrender their believes to those of Mao’s were punished. She praised and made us praise the courage of those who did not bow to undue pressure put imposed by the ruling party. In this memoir the author tries to show an air of terror and insecurity that was then surrounding China. This is written to show how life within Communist China of Mao’s reign was. How Maoists showed their power and their complexes of inferiority by terrorizing those to whom they were once inferior. She showed the unrest and instability which was named Cultural Revolution. Effects of revolution were expressed which made revolution (as opposed to evolution) the worst choice. The novel protests against tyranny and imposition of ideas by Communist party, effectively. It highlights the problems which arise because of preferring revolution as opposed to evolution. It disapproves decisions taken based upon the sole intention of destruction, based upon Mao’s theory â€Å"The old culture must be destroyed to make way for the new Socialist Culture.† But pointing out such behaviors she actually tells the backwardness in Communists. Mao’s quote We must learn swimming from swimming shows a serious tragedy Revolution had, lack of measured judgment. The believe that people minds and loyalties can be changed by force, could be nothing more than serious joke to human nature. And punishing an innocent for the reason that he or she was a relative of apparently guilty person is another bitter slap on the face of

The book Common Sense by Thomas Paine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

The book Common Sense by Thomas Paine - Essay Example The author is completely against the rule of royals, and believed that in the earlier times there were no kings, and, for the very same reason, there was peace and tranquility among men. But this is not applicable in all ages, as once people get civilized, the question comes about authority and power. The able and the fittest among people urge for superiority and have a want and desire to rule the inferior ones. â€Å"Government by kings was first introduced into the world by the Heathens, from whom the children of Israel copied the custom. It was the most prosperous invention the Devil ever set on foot for the promotion of idolatry†(Paine). So Paine intends to point out that once the government got introduced to the human history, there was a scene of suppression of right and values of the laymen. Pain was of the opinion that, a government or monarchy should not aim at ruling a country or society, but should focus on giving opportunity and space to personal development and gr owth and complete happiness and prosperity of public. Actually, he is completely right on this part, as government should be by the people, for the people, and of the people. A full full-fledged republican outlook, wherein all the common men get what they want in the right proportion is the right thing to be done for the welfare of the common men. Paine writes that human being was born with an equal status and only a tyranny, aristocratic rule or dictatorship could destroy the peace, freedom, and serenity of common man.

Heightening Market Competition at Oregon Company Case Study

Heightening Market Competition at Oregon Company - Case Study Example Oregon Company, established in 2000, is in financial crisis and needs an urgent strategic decision from the management. The company is sinking deep in the pit of financial anguish facing the economy and its clients are struggling for their survival. The new CEO, Doug Graves is focused on restoring the Company’s glory days by focusing on the marketing strategies of the firm and expanding its scope of operation by bringing in new income generators. However, differing opinions in the company’s management board concerning what strategies should be adopted present a challenging situation in choosing the best path for the company’s recovery and survival in the future. In the case, the company has a business model that focuses on establishing the long-term relationship with its clients. The company’s customer retention rate is over 93 percent, which is a perfect platform for revenue generation. The higher the rate of customer retention for a company, the higher w ill be the market share and hence the rate of revenue generation (Samanta & IGI Global, 2014; Williams & Curtis, 2008). Unlike its competitors, Oregon Company markets website products to client association, ensuring bulk purchase, thus lower cost of purchasing for customers, $5,000 against competitors’ $20,000 to $100, 000 purchase prices. This boosts the buying power of its clients, assuming competitors do not engage in price wars. Site design assistance to clients also positions the company above its competitors. The company also has an edge over its competitors in identifying clients associations and thus easy market targeting. However, it takes a long time to generate a new website for clients despite the fact that most activities are mechanized. This, in turn, affects customer service efficiency (Verma, 2012).

Communication Skills in a Cross-Culturally diverse Workplace Research Paper

Communication Skills in a Cross-Culturally diverse Workplace - Research Paper Example It means languages and gestures alone can have effects on people from various cultures. In today’s business environment employees ought to be cautious to make sure that their intended information are comprehended plainly. Forbidden topics of discussion, impartiality in political, spiritual and social topics vary across cultures thus creating a challenge for workmates to find a level ground when conversing. Not long ago it was a common practice for business practitioners to create their distinct communication methods in handling suppliers, customers and partners. However presently corporate mangers must take the initiative to learn the cultural differences among their organizations before trying to build a relationship with individuals from other nations. For example a Texan oil baron has to recognize that grabbing his Chinese suppliers arm in a solid grasp is a bad gesture however a slight smile and bow are the suitable mode of greeting. David (2010) notes that body language and verbal communication are more crucial today than before in handling global business because innocent mannerisms, handshakes, and posture can lead to conflict between employees from different cultures of business associates. When change is taking place in an organization communication is further more necessary to carry out that change efficiently. Yet one major issue for present businesses is that transformation is not always relayed effectively. Poor communication during business transformation is said to have a negative impact in the manner in which organizations operate Zaremba (2003). For instance poor communication can lead to opposition to transformation also act as wider harmful influence on business culture? The objective of this research paper is to examine effective transformation communication in the work environment. Regardless of the significance of communication to prosperous business change, how practitioners and experts visualize

How are people presented in Vultures Essay Example for Free

How are people presented in Vultures Essay Both Vultures and Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes are presented using people. They both represent people in some way and both include the people in different forms. The poem Vultures presents the people using the vultures. These vultures represent people of a certain kind. In real life vultures are real birds of prey, but in the poem they are trying to represent the types of people. The poem, Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes, people are presented through the division in society. Vultures are shown that humans arent so different to animals; it is shown that both animals and humans are shown through their actions. It is shown that vultures are bad in real life because of what they do, but behind all the disgusting habits there is care shown. They appear to have care for each other and therefore this shows us that even though people do bad things, they still have some good factors about them. Both animals and humans are shown through their actions and imagery to show that they are caring even though they have evil within them. For example, it starts off with how the two vultures are picking the eyes of a swollen corpse and how they eat the contents of the bowel. This shows that they are grotesque and very evil. But straight after this, the vultures are shown to be nestling together affectionately and lovingly. In spite of the nasty diet, the vultures appear to care for each other. From this the author goes on to show that even the worst of human beings shoe some touches of humanity. Then he compares the vultures to a commander n Belson. He goes on to consider the love a concentration camp commander shows to his family having spent his day burning human corpses, he buys them sweets on the way home The poet remarks on the strangeness of love, existing in places people would not have thought possible. This is the same way that the vultures are presented which links it in comparison to people; the vultures are compared with the Nazi Commandant who preyed greedily and ruthlessly on people who were supposedly weaker than him, but could still show compassion towards people that he loved, such as his family. This is the same way that the vultures are presented which links it in comparison to people and the vultures are compared with the Nazi Commandant who preyed greedily on people who were supposed to be weaker than him, but could still show compassion towards people that he loved, such as his family. In Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes, people are presented from two different sides of the society. It shows two garbage men and contrasts them with an elegant, rich couple in a Mercedes. Its about two pairs of people meeting for a moment in a busy city at nine oclock in the morning. They are strangers and never speak to each other. They are only near each other because they are waiting for the traffic lights to change. The first pair of people are two dustmen. They are finishing their working day and going back to the depot. They are hanging off the back of the dustbin lorry and looking down at a couple in a Mercedes sports car. These people in the Mercedes seem the very opposite of the dustbin men. They are starting their day and seem rich, successful and fashionable. The poem makes lots of contrasts between the two pair and it seems to criticise the society which makes the differences between people so large. When the poets describing the dustbin men, it is often negative, dirty and cheap. For instance, their jackets are plastic, they are grungy, and he calls them scavengers. We usually think of scavengers as animals that live off whatever others leave behind, like vultures. And in a way thats what they are they are paid to take away what others dont want, but they do an important job and we couldnt live without them. The poet describes the couple in the Mercedes in a very positive way. He wears a suit and her hair is nicely done, and their car shows just how rich they must be, but at the same time the poet also seems to criticise this couple. He says its like watching an odourless TV advert, so they dont look like real people and they sound too good to be true. The poet then shows us how two of the men are similar. They are the same age, wear sunglasses and have long hair. And of course they live in the same city they should be equal. This idea is made very clear at the end. The four people are next to each other, but there is a gulf between them they are living in different worlds. The language in Vultures is very negative towards the people, and also has a strong influence on how the people are presented. There are a lot of pessimistic adjectives used to describe the opening lines of the poem, and also to present the vultures throughout the poem. For example in the first couple of lines in the poem greyness is used, which create the idea that it is a dull scene, but the contrast with the words sunbreak give a more positive effect. The poem uses a similar technique to present the vultures, for every positive point about them; there is a different negative point presented. The metaphor, bashed in head, a pebble on a stem rooted in a dump of gross feathers creates a negative image of the vultures. Various words are use to create disgusting images of the birds. It says they picked the eyes of a swollen corpse. This is presented as an inhumane thing to do. The vultures are picking at the body of either a dead animal. After this the poet presents the juxtaposing idea of how the birds love each other. People are presented in comparison to the vultures using the example of the brutal Nazi Commandant at the Belsen concentration camp. The poem states how the commandant goes home with the fumes of human roast clinging rebelliously to his hairy nostrils. This emphasises the more negative side. The word hairy compares the commandant to the vultures as it is a description which also applies to the vultures feathers. The poem also says how the commandant stops at the sweet shop to buy a chocolate for his child. The poet uses the phrase tender offspring to refer to the child; the word tender suggests that there is a close, caring and loving relationship between the commandant and his child. Therefore this shows the more positive side to the poem. The use of the word offspring, which usually refers to the child of an animal, links people to the vultures in the poem. So the poem presents humans negatively, with an evil side, but also shows how these kinds of people also have a more tender side to them, just like the vultures. It compares people with animals such as vultures. Overall the words used are both negative and then follow a positive point. Two Scavengers in a Truck, two Beautiful People in a Mercedes uses linguistic features to present people. In the first couple of lines, the colours yellow and red are used to describe the garbage men. These colours are bright and suggest brightness into their lives. The adjective used to describe the people in the Mercedes is elegant and this is repeated, which suggests the couple are boring as there are no other adjectives to describe them. This also emphasises on the word and shows that they are very posh and therefore quite snobby. This is ironic as you would expect the couple to have a better life whereas the garbage men are expected to have a boring and dull life. The way that the couple are dressed and appear is described using various phrase and adjective; hip, three-piece linen suit, shoulder length blond hair sunglasses, young blond woman and casually coifed. All of the previous suggest that the couple are superior to the garbage men. This is because they are modern and are living what can be described as The American Dream. The garbage men are described more negatively, the first one id referred to as having grey iron hair, hunched back and gargoyle Quasimodo. The word grey contrasts with the earlier colours but also suggests that he is quite dirty, the phrase gargoyle Quasimodo implies that he is ugly and compares him to the Hunchback of Notre Dame, who was very caring and loving despite his appearance. The second of the garbage men is described the same as the Mercedes driver, however you know that they are nothing alike from other references and also because the two men are collectively described as scavengers and grungy. The use of the word scavengers suggest the two men are poor and the fact that they are garbage men emphasises this further. Overall it is shown that the garbage men are dirtier but have a more interesting life, whereas the elegant couple are shown to have the more boring life. One of the unusual things about the poem is that it doesnt have clear sentences, full stops or commas. Even the lines dont all start in the same place some lines start on the left, some on the right and some in the middle. This is done on purpose. The four people are together for a few seconds and the poet quickly notes down some differences. It also means that when you read it, you stop at different places, and this might make you think about different ideas in the poem, and what you think of modern life. The two poems present people in different way using different adjectives and linguistic features. They also show that people are not in anyway perfect in their actions and appearances. Therefore by these two poems we are shown that people can be both evil and kind and also you cannot judge a book by its cover. The two garbage men are referred to as scavengers with a low status, whilst the young people are described as elegant. The poem is set in what can be described as a snapshot in time, which is when they are waiting at the traffic lights. Although the two groups of people are presented completely differently in terms of status they sill exist in the same place at the same time which is what brings them together.

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay There are many indicators of health to find out about my volunteers present health. Firstly, there is the peak flow meter. My volunteers peak flow reading is 410 therefore this shows that she shows no signs of asthma and her breathing rate is average and shows that her health is in a positive state. My volunteers BMI shows that she is slightly overweight keeping this in mind I have set her targets which will help her to have a average weight. Last of all, my volunteers blood pressure is approximately a reading of 120/80 mmHg which is in general an average reading of blood pressure. Therefore this shows that she does not show signs of high blood pressure and this also indicates that she is not under a lot of stress or pressure from work and studies. This also reveals that my volunteers present blood pressure is proportional to average and that her present health is essentially positive. Page 1Zoom in Page 1 2 3 4 5 Next Level: GCSE Subject: Health and Social Care Word count: 1506 Save View my saved documents Submit similar document Share this Health and Social Care Download this essay Print Save GCSE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE An extract from this document Task 1: There are many indicators of health. Indicators of health can help you find out about an individuals health. The main indicators are: * Height weight charts * Body Mass Index (BMI) * Blood pressure * Peak flow meter * Resting pulse and recovery after exercise Height weight charts: When babies are born, they are weighed and measured regularly to display whether they are fed properly. They are also assessed to show their growth rates and see if they are growing properly. Also to see if the baby is underweight, overweight, average etc Additionally, they are weighed every week for the first two months of their lives. Body Mass Index (BMI): Body mass index is an indicator of good health as it measures the amount of fat in an individuals body in association to his or hers height. It is a formula used to show your body weight in relation to your height to see whether you are underweight, average or overweight. BMI equals weight in kilograms divided by height in meters. Blood pressure: Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of your body in vessels called arteries. Blood pressure is the pressure in which the blood is applied in the arteries and the force in which the heart pumps blood. According to Google, they define blood pressure as, the level of pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them. This is also a successful indicator of an individuals health as it measures how fast your heart is pumping blood therefore it advises you if you need to do certain things to help slow down the rate at which your heart pumps. As you can see, its a very positive thing and can help stop you from developing diseases such as heart disease and can make your kidney work harder which is very damaging. Blood pressure is very vital to the body and if it is average then your lifestyle will be much more satisfied. Peak Flow Meter: Another way of checking on your health is by using a peak flow meter. A peal flow meter is a special kind of instrument that measures the breathing rate and the volume of air taken in by an individual in the time of each breath. In addition, they are also used to distinguish how efficient a persons lungs are. To use a peak flow meter, a person has to blow as hard as he/she can into the mouthpiece and then examine the pointer and check the reading however you must do this three times to assure that you get an accurate reading. The measurement is used to estimate the width of the air flow in the bronchi. This is a positive indicator and you can use it to find out whether an individual is breathing properly or if they are managing their asthma correctly etc Resting pulse and recovery after exercise: A persons resting pulse rate is the pulse rate when a person is sitting still without moving. You can measure your pulse rate by placing pressure on your wrist or your neck. Your recovery heart rate is the number of beats per minute your heart drops when you stop moving. The higher the fitness levels the faster the drop in heart rate. The most common recovery heart rate can be measurement of up to 1 to 2 minutes however a complete recovery heart may consist of up to an hour. This is a positive indicator of health considering it shows how healthy and athletic your body is after exercise. If your heart does not pump that fast then you are in a healthy and fit state so your body can be affected by much less diseases or illnesses therefore it is very beneficial and helpful. Task 2: There are many indicators of health to find out about my volunteers present health. Firstly, there is the peak flow meter. My volunteers peak flow reading is 410 therefore this shows that she shows no signs of asthma and her breathing rate is average and shows that her health is in a positive state. My volunteers BMI shows that she is slightly overweight keeping this in mind I have set her targets which will help her to have a average weight. Last of all, my volunteers blood pressure is approximately a reading of 120/80 mmHg which is in general an average reading of blood pressure. Therefore this shows that she does not show signs of high blood pressure and this also indicates that she is not under a lot of stress or pressure from work and studies. This also reveals that my volunteers present blood pressure is proportional to average and that her present health is essentially positive. Task 4: I have set 3 targets for my volunteer to meet and stick to in order for her to improve her health. Those three targets that I have set are: 1) To have a balanced diet 2) To do regular exercise 3) To improve personal hygiene I think that to improve my volunteers health needs, she must stick to these particular targets so that her lifestyle can be developed and progressed so that she can achieve her overall needs. Task 5: Previously, I had chosen 3 targets for my volunteer to stick to in order to improve her health. Here is a health plan for each of those targets for my volunteer to know thoroughly how to improve and stick to her targets. Wash clothing and linens on a regular basis. However, the dilemma is germs and bacteria can develop and increase in your dirty clothes basket so try to be persistent on a weekly cleaning schedule.

The Leisure Ability Model

The Leisure Ability Model Therapeutic Recreation seeks to promote the capacity and ability of groups and individuals to make self determined and responsible choices, in light of their needs to grow, to explore new perspectives and possibilities, and to realise their full potential. (reference) Within this assignment I am going to critically compare and evaluate the use of the following models in the Therapeutic Recreation Service: The Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model. In doing so I will firstly describe the two models in detail and then critically compare and evaluate them both and their use in the therapeutic recreation service. The Leisure Ability Model: Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure. Leisure presents opportunities to experience mastery, learn new skills, meet new people, deepen existing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of self. Leisure provides the context in which people can learn, interact, express individualism, and self-actualize (Kelly, 1990). A large number of individuals are constrained from full and satisfying leisure experiences. It then follows that many individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses may experience more frequent, severe, or lasting barriers compared with their non-disabled counterparts, simply due to the presence of disability and/or illness. The Leisure Ability Models underlying basis stems from the concepts of: (a) learned helplessness vs. mastery or self-determination; (b) intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and causal attribution; (c) choice; and (d) flow. Learned Helplessness: Learned helplessness is the perception by an individual that events happening in his or her life are beyond his or her personal control, and therefore, the individual stops trying to effect changes or outcomes with his or her life (Seligman, 1975). They will eventually stop wanting to participate in activity or participate in any other way. They will learn that the rules are outside of their control and someone else is in charge of setting the rules. Their ability to take a risk will be diminished and they will learn to be helpless. Learned helplessness may present a psychological barrier to full leisure participation and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the provision of well-designed services. Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and Causal Attribution: All individuals are intrinsically motivated toward behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. As such, individuals seek experiences of incongruity or challenges in which they can master the situation, reduce the incongruity, and show competence. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behaviour and outcomes he or she produces (Deci, 1975). Typically individuals with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their decisions and the consequences of their decisions, while an individual with an external locus of control will place responsibility, credit, and blame on other individuals. An internal locus of control is important for the individual to feel self-directed or responsible, be motivated to continue to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Attribution implies that an individual believes that he or she can affect a particular outcome (Deci, 1975; Seligman, 1975). An important aspect of the sense of accomplishment, competence, and control is the individuals interpretation of personal contribution to the outcome. Without a sense of personal causation, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness increases greatly. Choice: The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice, choice implies that the individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be able to have options from which to choose, and the skills and desires to make appropriate choices. Lee and Mobily (1988) stated that therapeutic recreation services should build skills and provide participants with options for participation. Flow: When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the individual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious. When the skill level and activity challenge are identical or nearly identical, the individual is most able to achieve a state of concentration and energy expenditure that Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has labeled flow. Treatment Services During treatment services, the client generally has less control over the intent of the programs and is dependent on the professional judgment and guidance provided by the specialist. The client experiences less freedom of choice during treatment services than any other category of therapeutic recreation service. The role of the specialist providing treatment services is that of therapist. Within treatment services, the client has minimal control and the therapist has maximum control. The specialist typically designates the clients level and type of involvement, with considerably little input from the client. In order to successfully produce client outcomes, the specialist must be able to assess accurately the clients functional deficits; create, design, and implement specific interventions to improve these deficits; and evaluate the client outcomes achieved from treatment programs. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gifThe ultimate outcome of treatment services is to eliminate, significantly improve, or teach the client to adapt to existing functional limitations that hamper efforts to engage fully in leisure pursuits. Often these functional deficits are to the degree that the client has difficulty learning, developing his or her full potential, interacting with others, or being independent. The aim of treatment services is to reduce these barriers so further learning and involvement by the client can take place. Leisure Education: Leisure education services focus on the client acquiring leisure-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse range of skills and abilities, and many clients of therapeutic recreation services do not possess these, have not been able to use them in their leisure time, or need to re-learn them incorporating the effects of their illness and/ or disability. Leisure education services are provided to meet a wide range of client needs related to engaging in a variety of leisure activities and experiences. (Howe, 1989, p. 207). The overall outcome sought through leisure education services is a client who has enough knowledge and skills that an informed and independent choice can be made for his or her future leisure participation. Leisure education means increased freedom of choice, increased locus of control, increased intrinsic motivation, and increased independence for the client. Recreation Participation: http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Recreation participation programs are structured activities that allow the client to practice newly acquired skills, and/or experience enjoyment and self-expression. These programs are provided to allow the client greater freedom of choice within an organized delivery system and may, in fact, be part of the individuals leisure lifestyle. The clients role in recreation participation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. The client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic. In these programs, the specialist is generally no longer teaching or in charge per se. The client becomes largely responsible for his or her own experience and outcome, with the specialist moving to an organizer and/or supervisor role. As Stumbo and Peterson (1998) noted, recreation participation allows the client an opportunity to practice new skills, experience enjoyment, and achieve self-expression. From a clinical perspective, recreation participation does much more. For instance, recreation opportunities provide clients with respite from other, more arduous, therapy services. Leisure education programs may focus on: (a) self-awareness in relation to clients new status; (b) learning social skills such as assertiveness, coping, and friendship making; (c) re-learning or adapting pre-morbid leisure skills; and (d) locating leisure resources appropriate to new interests and that are accessible. Recreation participation programs may involve practicing a variety of new leisure and social skills in a safe, structured environment. In designing and implementing these programs, the specialist builds on opportunities for the individual to exercise control, mastery, intrinsic motivation, and choice. The ultimate outcome would be for each client to be able to adapt to and cope with individual disability to the extent that he or she will experience a satisfying and independent leisure lifestyle, and be able to master skills to achieve flow. Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model: The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (Austin, 1996, 1997) stipulates that the purpose of therapeutic recreation is to assist persons to recover following threats to health, by helping them to restore themselves or regain stability. (health protection), and secondly, optimising their potentials in order that they may enjoy as high a quality of health as possible (health promotion). Within this model (Austin, 1997, p. 144) states that à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"the mission of therapeutic recreation is to use activity, recreation, and leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and to assist them to grow toward their highest levels of health and wellness The health promotion, health protection model is broken up into four broad concepts which are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, stabilisation and actualisation and health. Humanistic Perspective: Those who embrace the humanistic perspective believe that each of us has the responsibility for his or her own health and the capacity for making self-directed and wise choices regarding our health. Since individuals are responsible for their own health, it is critical to empower individuals to become involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible (Austin, 1997). High-Level Wellness: High-level wellness deals with helping persons to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving (Austin, 1997). Therapeutic Recreation professionals have concern for the full range of the illness-wellness continuum (Austin, 1997). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Stabilization and Actualization Tendencies: The stabilizing tendency is concerned with maintaining the steady state of the individual. It is an adaptation mechanism that helps us keep stress in a manageable range. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial harm. The stabilizing tendency is the motivational force behind health protection that focuses on efforts to move away from or avoid negatively valence states of illness and injury (Pender, 1996, p. 34). The actualization tendency drives us toward health promotion that focuses on efforts to approach or move toward a positively valence state of high-level health and well-being (Pender, 1996, p. 34). Health: King (1971) and Pender (1996) health encompasses both coping adaptively and growing and becoming. Healthy people can cope with lifes stressors. Those who enjoy optimal health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of personal growth and development. Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to help clients strive toward health promotion is the ultimate goal of therapeutic recreation. Further, therapists prize the right of each individual to pursue his or her highest state of well-being, or optimal health. TR practice is therefore based on a philosophy that encourages clients to attempt to achieve maximum health, rather than just recover from illness (Austin, 1997). The Component of Prescriptive Activities: When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed. They have a tendency to withdraw from their usual life activities and to experience a loss of control over their lives (Flynn, 1980). Research (e.g., Langer Rodin, 1976; Seligman Maier, 1967) has shown that feelings of lack of control may bring about a sense of helplessness that can ultimately produce severe depression. At times such as this clients are encountering a significant threat to their health and are not prepared to enjoy and benefit from recreation or leisure. For these individuals, activity is a necessary prerequisite to health restoration. Activity is a means for them to begin to gain control over their situation and to overcome feelings of helplessness and depression that regularly accompany loss of control. At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide direction and structure for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can begin to perceive themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to start to experience feelings of success and mastery, and to take steps toward regaining a sense of control. Clients come to realise that they are not passive victims but can take action to restore their health. They are then ready to partake in the recreation component of treatment. The Recreation Component: Recreation is activities that take place during leisure time (Kraus. 1971). Client need to take part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and accomplishment within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new skills, new behaviors, new ways to interact with others, new philosophies and values, and new cognition about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the world. Through recreation they are able to re-create themselves, thus combating threats to health and restoring stability. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The Leisure Component: Whereas recreation allows people to restore themselves, leisure is growth promoting. Leisure is a means to self-actualisation because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to expand themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. Feelings of accomplishment, confidence and pleasure result from such growth producing experiences. Thus leisure assumes an important role in assisting people to reach their potentials (Iso-Ahola, 1989). Core elements in leisure seem to be that it is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated. The Recreation and Leisure Components: Although recreation and leisure differ in that recreation is an adaptive device that allows us to restore ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growth, they share commonalities. Both recreation and leisure are free from constraint. Both involve intrinsic motivation and both provide an opportunity for people to experience a tremendous amount of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend everyday rules and conventions in order to be ourselves and let our hair down. Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfections and frailties. It is the task of the therapeutic recreation professional to maintain an open, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive attributes of recreation and leisure and which help to bring about therapeutic benefit (Austin, 1996). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif According to Bandura (1986), bolstered efficacy expectations allow clients to have confidence in themselves and in their abilities to succeed in the face of frustration. Thus, clients feel more and more able to be in control of their lives and to meet adversity as they move along the continuum toward higher levels of health. It is the role of the TR professional to help each client assume increasing levels of independence as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of course, the client with the greatest dependence on the therapist will be the individual who is in the poorest health. At this point the stabilizing tendency is paramount while the client attempts to ward off the threat to health and to return to his or her usual stable state. At this time the therapist engages the client in prescriptive activities or recreation experiences in order to assist the client with health protection. During prescriptive activities the clients control is the smallest and the therapi sts is the largest. During recreation there is more of a mutual participation by the client and therapist. With the help of the therapist, the client learns to select, and participate in, recreation experiences that promote health improvement. Approximately midway across the continuum, the stabilising tendency reduces and the actualising tendency begins to arise. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the actualisation tendency increases, the client becomes less and less dependent on the therapist and more and more responsible for self-determination. The role of the therapist continues to diminish until the client is able to function without the helper. At this point the client can function relatively independently of the TR professional and there is no need for TR service delivery (Austin, 1997). Comparison of the use of the Leisure Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation Services: The role of the therapeutic recreation specialist, in order to reverse the consequences of learned helplessness, is to assist the individual in: (a) increasing the sense of personal causation and internal control, (b) increasing intrinsic motivation, (c) increasing the sense of personal choice and alternatives, and (d) achieving the state of optimal experience or flow. In theory, then, therapeutic recreation is provided to affect the total leisure behaviour (leisure lifestyle) of individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses through decreasing learned helplessness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motivation, and personal choice. This outcome is accomplished through the specific provision of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation services which teach specific skills, knowledges, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client skill and activity challenge. Another strength is the Models flexibility. One level of flexibility is with the three components of service. Each component of service is selected and programmed based on client need. That is, some clients will need treatment and leisure education services, without recreation participation. Other clients will need only leisure education and recreation participation services. Clearly, services are selected based on client need. In addition, programs conceptualized within each service component are selected based on client need. flexibility allow the specialist to custom design programs to fit the needs of every and any client group served by therapeutic recreation. The ultimate goal of leisure lifestyle remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the individual, how the lifestyle will be implemented by the individual and what it contains may differ. As such, the content of the Leisure Ability Model is not specific to any one population or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or delivery setting. Some authors, including Kinney and Shank (1989), have reported this as a strength of the Model. According to the model, intervention may occur in a wide range of settings and addresses individuals with physical, mental, social, or emotional limitations (Peterson Gunn, p. 4). The intervention model is conceptually divided into three phases along a continuum of client functioning and restrictiveness. The three phases of therapeutic recreation intervention are arranged in a sequence, from greater therapist control to lesser therapist control, and from lesser client independence to greater client independence. This arrangement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate aim of the appropriate leisure lifestyle is that it be engaged in independently and freely. Summary The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major components (i.e., prescribed activities, recreation, and leisure) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. According to their needs, clients may enter anywhere along the continuum. The model emphasizes the active role of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher levels of health. Initially, direction and structure are provided through prescriptive activities to help activate the client. During recreation, the client and therapist join together in a mutual effort to restore normal functioning. During leisure, the client assumes primary responsibility for his or her own health and well-being. Evaluation of both models and there use in therapeutic recreation services: The overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle. In order to facilitate these perceptions, therapeutic recreation specialists must be able to design, implement, and evaluate a variety of activities that increase the persons individual competence and sense of control. In relation to leisure behaviour, Peterson (1989) felt that this includes improving functional abilities, improving leisure-related attitudes, skills, knowledge, and abilities, and voluntarily engaging in self-directed leisure behaviour. Thus, the three service areas of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation are designed to teach specific skills to improve personal competence and a sense of accomplishment. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) summed up the importance of these perceptions: In the long run optimal experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or perhaps better, a sense of participation in determining the content of life-that comes as close to what is usually meant by happiness as anything else we can conceivably imagine (p. 4). The therapeutic recreation specialist must be able to adequately assess clients skill level (through client assessment) and activity requirements (through activity analysis) in order for the two to approximate one another. Given Decis (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation which includes the concept of incongruity, therapeutic recreation specialists may provide activities slightly above the skill level of clients in order to increase the sense of mastery. When this match between the activity requirements and client skill levels occurs, clients are most able to learn and experience a higher quality leisure. To facilitate this, therapeutic recreation specialists become responsible for comprehending and incorporating the: (a) theoretical bases (including but not limited to internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causation, freedom of choice, and flow); (b) typical client characteristics, including needs and deficits; (c) aspects of quality therapeutic recreation program delivery process (e.g., client assessment, activity analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.); and (d) therapeutic recreation content (treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation). These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation specialist to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle. Again, the success of that lifestyle is dependent on the client gaining a sense of control and choice over leisure options, and having an orientation toward intrinsic motivation, an internal locus of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to facilitate their development, maintenance, and expression of a successful leisure lifestyle. Each aspect of this content applies to the future success, independence, and well-being of clients in regard to their leisure. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The client has reduced major functional limitations that prohibit or significantly limit leisure involvement (or at least has learned ways to overcome these barriers); understands and values the importance of leisure in the totality of life experiences; has adequate social skills for involvement with others; is able to choose between several leisure activity options on a daily basis, and make decisions for leisure participation; is able to locate and use leisure resources as necessary; and has increased perceptions of choice, motivation, freedom, responsibility, causality, and independence with regard to his or her leisure. These outcomes are targeted through the identification of client needs, the provision of programs to meet those needs, and the evaluation of outcomes during and after program delivery. A therapeutic recreation specialist designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these outcomes Austin (1989) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the basis that is supporting a leisure behaviour orientation, instead of the therapy orientation. A number of authors have objected to the Leisure Ability Model, having observed that its all-encompassing approach is too broad and lacks the focus needed to direct a profession (Austin, p. 147). Austin advocated an alignment of therapeutic recreation with allied health and medical science disciplines, rather than leisure and recreation professionals The Model in Practice The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any setting (i.e., clinical or community) in which the goal of therapeutic recreation is holistic health and well-being. Thus, anyone who wishes to improve his or her level of health can become a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as having abilities and intact strengths, as well as possessing intrinsic worth and the potential for change. Through purposeful intervention using the TR process (i.e., assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation), therapeutic outcomes emphasize enhanced client functioning. Typical therapeutic outcomes include increasing personal awareness, improving social skills, enhancing leisure abilities, decreasing stress, improving physical functioning, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and perceived control (Austin, 1996). Conclusion: In conclusion to this assignment on the critical comparison and evaluation of the use of the Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in the therapeutic recreation services I found that.. Reference Page:

Hoop Dreams And Rasin In The Sun - Comparison Contrast Paper

The movie Hoop Dreams shows you the difficulties and obstacles that come in the way of dreams. Although it’s said that if you believe in a dream long enough it will come true, but in Hoop Dreams and A Raisin in the Sun you are shown the harsh realities of the falseness of that statement. And that the reality of a dream not coming true hits you like a brick wall. Many obstacles get in the way of the road to dreams in both stories. In both stories, all families suffer from having little knowledge, and it doesn’t help that they’re all black. Also being poor and living in the ghetto makes things that much harder. Pregnancies also put big bumps in the road to success, in both instances it makes the families come together and try their hardest to make it through. However, there are also many different obstacles that come in the way for each family. In Hoop Dreams, both William and Arthur are given much support to fulfill their dreams of getting to the NBA, but Walter in A Raisin in the Sun is only given grief on getting his liquor store. This can point the young immature teens to giving them more hope that a very rare dream will come true. Also, the two ballplayers do have talent to help them start down the road to success, but that can be very misleading, all Walter has is the nagging of his buddies Bobo and Willy. The toughest of t he obstacles to overcome was when William injured his knee and it affected his basketball career for a long time. He never really did get over it, he...

Chafufas Adventures :: essays research papers

Chafufa’s Adventures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year of our lord two thousand and five there happened to be a florist named Chafufa. Chafufa did much of her business on the internet and then she delivered the flowers herself in her jet, car, or boat. Chafufa was always busy day and night; she once made a delivery to Zaire in her jet one morning and another delivery that afternoon in Japan. Chafufa was born of Muff and Luna in a long line of florists. But Chafufa’s birth was peculiar—she was born with a bouquet of flowers in her arms. Also at age nine, in her vast flower gardens that she herself made she got lost and wandered away from her parents and never saw them again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chafufa was loyal to the old florist way of business, â€Å"Do anything to make a delivery† even though she was a New Age florist. One day Chafufa received an emergency flower delivery fax, (E.F.D.F.) for a bouquet of Martian roses to be delivered to the South Pole. For this delivery she would have to use all three of her apparatuses; car, boat, and jet not to mention getting some Martian Roses. Chafufa would first find the roses. Martian roses only grew in soil from Mars; luckily she had a pot of Martian soil in her backyard. Now Chafufa would have to obtain the seeds from a mother mole—the only animal to posses the seeds. Chafufa descended into the abyss to confront the mother mole and get the seeds. Chafufa arrived at the abode of the mother mole, the mother mole knew she was coming and said, â€Å"You shall have your seeds but only if you throw two perfect bulls eyes in a game of darts with me.† Luckily Chafufa was an accomplished dart wom an as well as a florist. Chafufa did one hell of a move and threw two darts at once and made them both in the bull’s eye. The mother mole gave Chafufa the seeds and Chafufa planted them and harvested the Martian roses by the light of a burning raccoon skin so that they would last the trip. She put her car and boat in her jet and traveled to Buenos Aries, Argentina, there she ditched the jet and put her car in her boat and sailed to the coast of Antarctica. At the coast she ditched the boat and continued in her car (which was a Delorian) she sped across the ice flats with the roses in hand but her car ran out of gas about a mile from the South Pole.

Leadership Profile Essay -- essays research papers

Leadership Profile Paper This paper will profile Jeff Hawkins, Chief Technology Officer (CTO) for PalmOne, Inc. examining qualities that Mr. Hawkins exhibits that make him influential leader. The paper will also examine details of the business strategy that make this man an exceptional innovator and his contribution to eBusiness technology. Vision Jeff Hawkins a graduate of Cornell Universityis best known as â€Å"the inventor who, in 1994, took blocks of mahogany and plywood into his garage and emerged with a prototype for the PalmPilot† (PC Magazine, 2000). Joining forces with friend Donna Dubinsky, Jeff â€Å"pulled off one of the most successful new-product launches in consumer electronics history, selling 400,000 units when they debuted in 1996. Now Palm Computing owns 80% of the handheld market† (PC Magazine, 2000). Mr. Hawkins vision combined with his personal commitment and desire to constantly improve processes, efficiency, and develop new technologies has proved Jeff to be a leader in innovation. According to Mr Hawkins, "The future of computing is mobile," The PDA is going to be the way people access Internet data and integrate that data with everything else they need to keep track of. This will be most people's PC and Web terminal" (PC Magazine, 2000). Experience Jeff has nearly 20 years of technical expertise and is often credited as the designer who â€Å"reinvented the handheld market.† According to Jeff, "We didn't get enam...

A Dangerous Double Standard

Women face many dangers in society.   Women are generally smaller and physically weaker than men, so a female can be said to be a potential victim for a male.   However, oftentimes, females become endangered simply because they are women. In effect, women are endangered daily by societal double standards with regard to their attitude, clothing and chosen activities.Women’s bodies are the subject of much attention from the media.   The ideal body type is stamped everywhere.   Women who are able to achieve that body type, or nearly achieve it, are likely to want to show it off.   Thus, if a shapely female where’s a plunging neckline or a short skirt, people may consider her to be inviting sexual overtures.However, a man in a shirt which reveals his muscular stature would receive no such insult.   This look can even cause a woman to be the victim of unwanted sexual advances, even rape.   In an extreme case, one attacker was actually freed because his victim w as dressed the way she was.   According to a sexual assault case in the UK, â€Å"a pedophile who raped a 10-year-old girl will be free in just four months after a British judge said his victim had ‘dressed provocatively’.In addition to her appearance, a woman who seems confident, or even aggressive, can earn distasteful responses from both men and women.   Confident women seem to present a challenge to men, even though no such standard exists for men.Men may, again, sexually pursue these women.   Women may feel intimidated and fail to rally behind these women, pushing them to the side, failing to protect them.   Some women are even considered bold and fiery.   Most men and women do not know how to deal with this type of woman, and some might set out to try to make them fail.   As an example, some women who choose to express what is considered an extreme are insulted and even tormented.For example, aggressive women are termed feminazis. One opposed to this view noted that â€Å"These are the staunch feminists that destroy homes and marriages.   I've met a few feminists in my lifetime and I could see that they were just begging to get into an argument.   Some women really thrive off attacking men every chance they get.Many marriages have been destroyed by a meddling feminist.   Of course, hen pecked husbands and sissies are exempt.   A real man is a threat to the feminist's agenda.   Feminism is sin.   It is wrong because it is a rebellion against authority (and against God)† (Militant Feminazis).  Finally, women seem to have less latitude in choosing their own activities.   If a man walks alone at night, drinks too much and flirts with the opposite sex, or sets out to undertake a highly physical adventure, people are impressed.   If a woman does the same thing, she is placing herself in danger.A woman walking at night is subject to attack.   A flirtatious woman may not be in control of the advances of the me n she is flirting with.   A woman who attempts a physical adventure may be seen as overreaching her bounds.   All of these can have cataclysmic results.   If a man is hurt, it is a tragedy.   If a woman is hurt, it was bound to happen.For example, former CIA agent Dr. R.J. Hillhouse writes about her experiences as an agent.   â€Å"Dr. Hillhouse has run Cuban rum between East and West Berlin, smuggled jewels from the Soviet Union and slipped through some of the world’s tightest borders. From Uzbekistan to Romania, she's been followed, held at gunpoint and interrogated. Foreign governments and others have pitched her for recruitment as a spy† (Hillhouse,)   At every corner she met with problems that the male agents did not.Sadly, double standards do exist.   A woman can be hurt by the choices she makes, whether they be her fashion, her attitude or her activities.   Even though this is not the way things should be, women should heed these issues lest they become victims.â€Å"Girl provoked pedophile – judge.† News.com.au.   Retrieved 26 June 2007. http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21969117-2,00.htmlHillhouse, R.J.   The Spy Who Briefed Me. Retrieved 26 June 2007 from http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/â€Å"Militant Feminazis.† Retrieved 27 June 2007 from http://www.jesus-is-   savior.com/Womens%20Page/militant_feminazi.htm

Carnival Case Issues

to from each champion unity and only(a)(a) all e genuinelywhereflow 2013 GLOBAL dodging AND POLICY MAN4720009_2013S_11202 , Schwartz Tues sidereal day and thorium 930 to 1050 AM LA 331 GLOBAL STRATEGY AND POLICY MAN4720009_2013S_11202 Spring, 2013 Prep atomic number 18d for Professor clear at Schwartz, parade 14, 2013 by the following students Robert OndercikZ8384Finance Ron AbrahamZ4458Accounting Jenna Franz integrityZ3483Business perplexity Tabitha Palmisano Z0857 merchandise Jeffrey VonZ7035Accounting Aaron SchneiderZ0653Business instruction Sabine BorgesZ7510Accounting 1. Current posture CRITICAL CASE ISSUES Human traffic (CI 1) Employee and Labor LawsuitsEmployees of f manner argon claiming inequitable running(a) conditions with poor allowance. (CI 2) Succession Mr. Arison stepping waste in the future, who leave behind run club, tertiary gene symmetryn Arison or just ab be through with(p) else. acquition/Logistics (CI 3) The Costa Concordia ca nvass displace causa canvass ravish laying on expression, milieual risk, and lawsuits from crash. (CI 4) The funfair plea sealed slain at Gulf of Mexico Pending lawsuits from this sluicet, pencil lead to more(prenominal)(prenominal) proscribe publicity (CI 5) US corporal Tax Congress continues to seek to charge bodily levyes on genus Circus, hardly(prenominal) if has failed recently. This could throw soon. market placeing CI 6) armed ser ungod pedigreess on 20 % of the Statesns It chokes m atomic number 53tary valuely for clients to get to ports to journey, discouraging around(prenominal) customers from cruising. bazaar flock & plc is actu w marinery the large- shellst journey come with in the creation and is among the virtually valueable and financi exclusivelyy vigorous leisure depart companies in the world. bazaar grass & PLCs portfolio of journey brands in northwards America, europium, Australia and Asia be comprised of amusemen t park Cruise rips, Holland America Line, Princess Cruises, Seabourn, AIDA Cruises, Costa Cruises, Cunard, Ibero Cruises, P&O Cruises (Australia) and P&O Cruises (UK).Collected, these brands plump 100 delights totaling 203,000 cast d admit berths with night club radical mails scheduled to be saveed surrounded by March 2013 and March 2016. funfair stomach & PLC is the only group in the world to be included in any(prenominal)(prenominal) the S&P 500 and the FTSE 100 indices. A. lowway PERFORMANCE bazaar writinged give the sack income for the grade 2012 declined to $1. 3 jillion comp atomic number 18d to $1. 9 one million million for the fore red ink grade im hurlable headlandly to a compounding of lower tax incomes and spunky burn be.grosss origind $410 cardinal primarily as a aftermath of the Costa Concordia hap. straighten verboten tax income enhancement yields declined 2. 5 percent ascribable primarily to lower finishvass ticket sets an d occupancies for the Costa brand. Excluding Costa, circus was able to maintain stratum 2012 clams gross enhancement yields in line with the prior year. heretoforeing with the umteen challenges faced in 2012, bazaar generated $3 billion of currency from military operations, more than enough to fund our assoil chapiter investments of $1. 8 billion. e genuinely last(predicate) of the subsequent kick hard cash flow was therefore returned to sh beh erstwhile(a)s. amusement parks symmetric quarterly dividend of $0. 25 per sh atomic number 18, combined with a special year-end dividend of $0. 50 per shargon, resulted in $1. 2 billion of distri onlyions to their sh ar spend a pennyers. pleasure ground besides purchased 2. 6 meg of the political partys sh bes in the keep over foodstuff at a personify of $90 meg during 2012. B. STRATEGIC POSTURE * fair ashes dedicated to profitably pay backing our strike line of work on and driving returns on gravid spicye r(prenominal). carnival testament continue to plus their fleet by dint of a mensural pace of devil to three parvenu send introductions for each one year. a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) of these vessels ar expected to re roll lively susceptibility from the possible gross deals of older, pocket-sized(prenominal)-efficient tushs * Currently, fair has nine sheet channels scheduled for deli rattling(prenominal) through March 2016. * In addition, amusement park is focussed on the return of rise uping sail sections. During the previous five age, amusement park has duplicate their client sourcing from up-and-coming grocerys, a leaning fair expects allow continue in the future. CI 6) * fair and its direct(a) Lines place the speed approximately importance on guest substantiallyness, caoutchouc and gage. fairs objective is to maintain an surpassing intimatelyness, base hit and security record. As substantially as unendingly get to to rep air our health, preventative and security standards and procedures. (CI 3 and 4) 1. heraldic bearing fair sens & plc mission is to apportion the world on holiday and deliver exceptional snitch outs that address to a large compartmentalization of consumers, all at an dramatic value. 2. ObjectivesTo our s rentholders, this mean Consumers Take the world on vacation and deliver exceptional do its that appeal to a large variety of consumers, all at an outstanding value Employees Recruiting and Retaining able Employees. pleasure ground considers their employee and union relations broadly speaking to be sizable Business Partners carnival shall communicate with our product line partners frequently to watch that we receive utmost-quality products and work and that our ships receive the goods and ser delinquencys that they bespeak to operate sustainably. roleholders The specialism of their pile, value, subt suffery and mission has driven superior returns for the ir sh beholders. A dollar invested in amusement park run 25 years ago would be worth 19 times that today, representing a total return almost doubly that of the S&P 500 over the same period. Communities bazaar strives each and both(prenominal) year to make a un sameness in their domicilports and un manage roles slightly the world in need.During the past year circus flowerpot & plc gave n untimely $10 meg to charitable physical com localises, including a $2 one million million do domain to persist Hurri open firee Sandy time out efforts. 3. Strategies * amusement park now has its ships in ports that ar inside reasonable driving stray for a good portion of the coun punish. Galveston, San Diego, Mobile, advanced Orleans, Charleston, Baltimore and invigorated York all deem circus ships soaring from their ports, devising it cheaper and easier for more Ameri tushs to sail. CI 6) * Identify those managers responsible for implementing health, environmental , natural rubber and security performance and hold in that at that place atomic number 18 clear lines of account susceptibility. (CI 3 and 4) * Promptly report and properly investigate all happening and distinguish appropriate action to foreclose recurrence (CI 3 and 4) * Establish and act upon goals and objectives to continually modify our performance * march on to publicly report to and maintain open dialogue and cooperation with key s fasten onholders (CI 3 and 4) * pleasure ground operates Under branch 883 of the Internal Revenue Code certain non-U.S. rafts ( a lot(prenominal) as our northmost Ameri tin jackpotvas ship businesses) atomic number 18 non subject to U. S. national income revenue or branch scratch tax on U. S. source income derived from, or consequent to, the international operation of a ship or ships. (CI 5) * Since defueling on Costa Concordia began until 7 a. m. Feb. 17, a total of 251,492 gallons of fuel perk up been pumped out of 4 tanks set on the ship. (CI 3) * According to Costa Cruise, a total of 377,237 gallons of fuel is tranquil on instrument panel in 13 tanks.Following the schedule drawn up by the Neri/Smit Salvage experts, if sea and endure conditions remain favorable, all of the fuel still on maturate the vessel should be re plump inside three weeks. (CI 3) * funfair has almost(prenominal) delineate contribution plans in telephone circuit(predicate) to most of their employees. fair in both solecism has single-employer defined benefit pension plans, which repair some of their ship carte du jour and shore side employees. (CI 1) 4. Policies protect the health, safety and security of pleasure grounds passengers, guests, employees and all some unalikewises operative on beone-half of the Comp either * Protecting the environment, including the devil dog environment in which carnivals vessels trip out and the communities in which we operate * Continue to follow bazaars integrated Sta ndards which go considerably beyond the requirements of actual environmental law and regulations. * Carnival is primarily a foreign bang-up deals engaged in the business of run sheet ships in international superman. (CI 5) Key Executivesrice paddy Arison electric chair and chief direct eat upicer of Carnival piles David Bernstein CFO and elder offense chairwoman of Carnival partnerships Howard S. postmark frailty chair psyche and Chief operating officer Alan B. Buckelew chief operating officer and President of Princess sails Gerald R. Cahill chief executive officer and President of Carnival Cruise lines Larry clean-handeddwoman Chief Accounting military officer and Vice President-Controller Michael Thamm chief operating officer of Costa Crociere, S. p. A. Arnaldo Perez Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary stein Kruse President and chief operating officer of Holland America Line David Dingle chief executive officer of Carnival UKMichael Ungerer Pr esident of AIDA Cruises Board Members Mickey Arison (Internal) President since 1979 and chief executive officer since 1990 Howard Frank (Internal) Vice Chairman of the climb on of music directors of Carnival messs since 1993, and Chief Operating turnedicer since 2003. Pier Foschi (Internal) on the board of directors for Carnival Corporation since 2003. Chairman and CEO of costa crociene SpA. A vice death chair of confitama, the confederation of Italian ship sustainers. Robert Dickinson (Internal) theater director of Carnival Corporation since 1987 and of carnival plc. since 2003.He deald as death chair from 1993-2007 and CEO of Carnival travel lines from 2003-2007. Jonathon raft (External) coach of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. Since 2010. Stuart Subotnick (External) conveyor of Carnival Corporation since 1987 and of carnival plc. Since 2003. Richard Glasier (External) Director at carnival stool and carnival plc. since 2004. From 1995-2002 he was executive v ice chair and CFO of purplish Caribbean travels. Arnold Donald (External) Director of carnival corporation since 2001 and a director of carnival plc. ince 2003. Modesto Maidique Ph. D (External) Director of Carnival Corporation since 1994 and of carnival plc. since 2003. He too served as FIUs president from 1986-2009. John Parker (External) Director of Carnival Corporation since 2003 and of Carnival plc. since 2000. He served as Deputy Chairman of Carnival plc. from 2002-2003 Laura Weil (External) Director of Carnival Corporation and carnival plc. since 2007 Peter Ratcliffe (External) Director of Carnival Corporation since 2003 and director of Carnival plc. since 2000. 003 to 2007 he served as the CEO of P&O Princess sails. Randall Weisenburger (External) Director of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. since 2007 Debra Kelly- Ennis (External) ingest to the committee of the carnival Corporation and carnival plc. in January 2012. Conflicts of Interest Richard Glasier was on ce the CEO of Argosy looseness and although no longer the CEO he still is a chairwoman and major make doholder of the baseball club. Argosy gaming mostly deals with casinos but in like manner operates riverboat gambling tail assemblyvass. at that place is a definite divergence of engagement because he is non only linked with the achiever of Carnival Corporation but likewise Argosy gaming supremacy as well. yet though he is non the CEO eithermore he still converses with the run vigilance of Argosy and is up to date rough whats tone ending on within the confederacy as well as pick outing about whats going on in Carnival too. This mode he magnate deliver nurture on the companies ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as spill dates for untested ships or impertinent specials that he groundwork non pct with the board members of the former(a) go with and if he did it would be ethically awry(p). on that pointin lies the combat of kindle, if he was non on both board and so on that point would be no conflict. Being on both boards is a conflict of evoke because he is non only relate with the success of Carnival but besides Argosy gaming as well. Since 2010, Start Subotnick has been the president and CEO of Metromedia. Metromedia is a holding troupe that has umpteen subsidiaries that operate in various activities such as restaurants, inter internet, softwargon engineering science, and more. The main conflict of interest for Subotnick is that Metromedia develops softw atomic number 18 for the hospitality patience.Since Carnival uses hospitality software to perform most tasks such as when you get sackvas at the port to the server on the journey ship placing your dinner order, it would be in Subotnicks beat out interest to try to get Carnival to use Metromedias software. This is a conflict of interest because it might not be whats offspring up for the Carnival but it whats dress hat for Metromedia. Mickey Arison Mickey Ar ison, CEO and president of Carnival Corporation is 64 on Forbes billionaire list in the unify States. His set out ted Arison founded carnival journeys in 1972. Mickey soak uped running(a) for the family in sales.He quickly moved up the ranks not proposed because of who his stick was but because he was hard work and had great predilections. In 1979 he became president and finally in 1990 he became the CEO and he authorizedly still holds that position. He turned carnival into what it is today, which is the worlds largest and most undefeated journey ship federation. Mickey said the best slightoned he learned from his father was to hire good plenty to run your businesses, give them the support they need to be successful, and let them do the job you hired them to do. He is cognise for his hands-on or open admission management style. He lets his employees do their own go throughic because he knows that they allow do it right and he doesnt deport to be watching over them in order for things to get done because he hired the right tribe. Micky Arison goes above and beyond what a manager does. He is to theorize the least a competent manager. His confederation has been the most successful and placeable cruise line in the world for over both decades. Arison learned the basics of the caller-out from the bottom so he could sincerely consider the conjunction and make give out finding for the order as a whole gloomy the road.He directed his companion to make many encyclopaedisms, including their most primary(prenominal), the accomplishment of the P&O princess cruises. royal stag Caribbean also needed to acquire the line so it was not an easy fight. Luckily for Arison they got it and with the attainment it made them a clear assiduity leader. David Bernstein David Bernstein Started with carnival in 2003 as vice president and treasurer. He was then promoted in 2007 to aged(a) vice president and CFO. AS CFO and VP of carnival he over looks all pay, treasury, insurance, accounting, tax, and investor relations. Howard FrankHoward frank has been Vice Chairman of the board of directors of Carnival Corporations since 1993, and Chief Operating Officer since 2003. He is responsible for the integrated-wide business strategies. He works closely with all carnival corporation management, especially with Mickey Arison. He leave alones oversight to Mr. Arison of the companies many world(a) ventures. He also serves as a chairman of the executive committee of the cruise line international association. (CLIA) Partnership commission Based on the in arrangeion self-contained the Carnival Corporation manifests a confederation management model. They hold many characteristics of this model. There is a high degree of employment by cover song management and an as high degree of involvement from its board members especially since their CEO is also their chairman and they also convey a hardly a(prenominal) opposite pil eus crown guys on the board. * This enables the top management and board members to work more closely with each other to develop strategies and to converse on a insouciant basis about the many things going on in the phoner. * Howard frank who is the vice chairman of the board is known for working closely with all management of Carnival Corporation& plc, As well as with Micky Arison himself, the CEO and chairman of carnival.When disaster strikes the telephoners senior management team up and board members pose on the certificate of indebtedness for whats going on and work together to come up with the best dodge to fix the occupation. * Also the board defecates committees by matching certain members functions to their expertise. For instance, David Bernstein was promoted to senior vice president and Chief monetary officer in 2007 because of his expertise in finances. He was the CFO of Cunard line and Seabourn cruise line for five years and in front that he held various fiscal positions at royal Caribbean for seven years. Carnivals board consists of 15 members. 3-A. External Environment Opportunities and Threats A. Natural natural Environment Sustainability Issues 1A. Opportunities a. The climate could be a bene positionor since nice weather unremarkably pull outs twistism and cruising. 1B. Threats a. When the weather is not benignant on the sailplanings of the United States, there whitethorn be a negative furbish up on the number of cruise ships sailing since the shipping ports are located in these areas. For example, during the hurri understructuree season, cruises along the Atlantic and Gulf coast do not set sail due to danger the storm whitethorn bring. . The weather in places like Europe, is not as threatening when it comes down to storms examined to the United States. This lessens the degree of one threat in the European mart for Carnival cruise lines. B. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 1. Opportunities Economic * potencyly elaborate their luxury line rs which can cause an ontogenesis in revenue. (CI2) * Increase their mental ability of their cruises by 30-40%. (CI2) * Offer more travel destinations that they currently do not land, such as China, India, and various countries in southwest America (CI2) technical Improvement of the technology on the cruise. * Working on their home web page since millions of deal punish this site daily. They can improve their format so that it would be better still and easier to navigate by people in foreign countries. * Using more scientific machines for the cleaning round for example, to check off each room that was cleaned or is in need for something, such as towels, toiletries, blankets, and so on (C1) Political-legal * Avoiding turn outing some of the taxes that other companies in the same exertion relent for. CI5)Ship waste disposal is highly unregulated waste is dumped off shore without any consequences from a legal point of view. (CI5) sociocultural * The diversity o f customers that are traveling with Carnival Cruise Lines for their vacation get-away is very large. (CI2) * home run name is well known among the society. * Reached an symmetry with Italys Fincantieri shipyard to build a 2,660-passenger vessel for Holland America and a 4,000-passenger vessel for Carnival. Ships should be delivered by 2015. This forget generate more revenue in the future. CI2)Some people give birth a cruise with carnival just to gamble in the casino because some fixs do not have any casinos at all. 2. Threats Economic * Prices of fuel unvaryingly add-on. (CI6) * One of the largegest weaknesses that the company and the constancy itself are facing is hurricanes and bad weather during specialized seasons. Revenues go down, refunds go up. Technological * Technological problems on-board which can be a vainglorious threat for Carnival. For example, the latest incidence was lead month. Carnival ship was stuck at sea for almost a week because of technolo gical mishaps.This caused many lawsuits, refunds, and a bad character for the brand. (CI1) Political-legal * Progressive accumulation in piss waste caused the cruise line to pay millions in fines. * More regulators are arduous to baron Carnival and other cruise line companies to pay more taxes. (CI5)Major law-suits of the sinking feeling Costa Concordia. (CI3) Sociocultural * Seasick some people cant purpose a cruise because they get carsick after a spot. People that misplace from this generally do not board lengthy cruises. * Most people do not eat at the higher class restaurants because the dining room is complementary.Most passengers are generally not looking to dismiss more gold on a cruise that was already paying for and intelligibly states that it is all inclusive. (CI6) * For some people cruises can be very pricy. (CI6) 2. Some of these opportunities and threats are variant in other parts of the world because of different climate, frugal jazzs, and d ifferent regulations. III. Internal Environment Strengths and Weaknesses A. merged structure 1. Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc operate under a bivalent listed corporation structure with primary stock listings in the United States and the United Kingdom.Carnival embodied structure is installd on the arche cause of profit center. a. The decision making business office is decentralized. b. The corporation is a fleet organization planetary. For the most part, most of Carnival business runs in North America and Europe. 2. Carnival concurs telling its employees this phrase do one thing and do it better than anyone else. rise up that could sound very promising, but from a personal obtain I enjoyed royal Caribbean a lot more than I did with carnival. Whatever the CEO preaches to the employees does not rightfully justify the truth.To clarify, Micky Arison the CEO of the company quotes Carnival doesnt view a cruise the way Procter & Gamble would view toothpaste or Dial would view soap. Each of Carnivals lines has its own personality and merged focus. (CI2) 3. The current structure of the company is somewhat a great deal consistent with all of its objectives, strategies, policies and programs, as acquaintn and seen in their fiscal report their profit asseverates increasing. (CI2) 4. The structure of Carnival cruise is very similar to the other cruise companies that strive to succeed and make specie.B. Corporate culture 1. Carnival Corporation maintains a friendly, family-like standard atmosphere on all of its ships. I bear to this instituted on my previous get word on their ships. ( CI1) 2. In my touch, the corporate culture is consistent with current situations of objectives, strategies, policies and programs. They have an open door policy where each and any employee can communicate with upper division managers and let their example to be heard, and the reason for that is to benefit the employee and potentially even benefit the company. C I1) 3. Unique to the cruising intentness is its promotion to protect the environment. The core set include preserving the marine environment and, in particular, the pristine condition of the weewees upon which our vessels sail. This didactics is posted on the Carnival website and is the biggest crack that I have noticed with the company. They are constantly polluting the water, dumping trash into the water, and they chair a great deal to air pollution. then the statement above is not accurate. (CI4) 4.Carnival employs a variety of different kinds of people from various different cultural backgrounds. many employees that work for Carnival have different ethnic backgrounds but are all being treated equally(CI1) 5. The company does take into consideration the value of cultures of each nation the company operates in. This is shown in the diversity of Carnival employees and their cultural backgrounds from all around the world. (CI1) 3-B. Corporate Resources Finance IV. All num bers in millions except for ratios 2012 2011 2010 Carnival RC Carnival RC Carnival RCRevenues 15,382 7,688 15,793 7,537 14,469 6,753 Operating Income 1,642 403 2,255 932 2,347 803 Net Income 1,298 18 1,912 607 1,978 515 Net Profit Margin 8. 4% 0. 2% 12. 1% 8. 1% 13. 7% 7. 6% EPS 1. 67 0. 08 2. 42 2. 80 2. 47 2. 4 OperatingCash Flows 2,999 1,382 3,766 1,456 3,818 1,663 Debt to AssetRatio 39% 58% 38% 58% 39% 60% V. pecuniary Analysis The chart above displays a list of relevant protrudes and ratios for the Carnival Corporation. It is most-valuable to highlight that some of these numbers show increasingly negative results each year.If this negative trend continues it would represent a portentous problem for the company, as it would become un bankable. scarcely how does Carnival compare to others in the pains? Two key players dominate the cruise constancy. According to a report by Cruise Market Watch, Carnival Corporation watchs 48% of the market share, kingly Caribbean co ntrols 23%, while the rest is controlled in nice portions by over 30 other companies (Cruise Market Watch). By generating double the revenues of Royal Caribbean, Carnival is clearly the leader in this industry.For the purpose of this variance of the paper, we analyzed the financial statements of Carnival Corporation to measure the health of the company. We will also use financial ratios which best allow us to compare Carnival side by side to its smaller but closest adversary, Royal Caribbean. A notable decline can be seen in the operating income. This figure is considered by analysts to be one of the most of import on financial statements because it reflects to a great extend the strength of the company and success of its core business operations (Kennon).Operating income is arrived at by subtracting operating cost and be from gross revenues. It is the profit that is left to invest, expand, pay debt, distribute to shareholders, and achieve other objectives that a company whi tethorn have (Kennon). For Carnival Corporation, Operating income declined 27% from 2011 to 2012. allows see why. Carnival mainly generates its revenue from the sale of cruise tickets and onboard items and overhauls (Carnival). Although revenue has remained stable in the past years, operating income has been declining which indicates that the company is making less and less profit of the revenue it generates.This could be due to several(prenominal) reasons, but in the case of Carnival Corporation, there are two major factors. One is the rising expenditure of fuel. Cruise companies are heavily hooked on fuel and any change in its price has a operative touch on on the companys financials (Carnival). From 2011 to 2012, the carnivals fuel expense increased 7% or $188 million. some other factor that has refered profits for the company is accidents. In its annual report for fiscal year ending 2011, Carnival Corporation included a note to its shareholders regarding the tragic even t of the Costa Ship (Carnival).It states that the company takes careful measures to prevent accidents such as the Costa cruise incident (Carnival). In the 2012 Income pedagogy, Carnival Corporation reported $28 million for ship incident-related expenses that were not cover by insurance, including a $10 million insurance deductible related to trio party personal injury liabilities (Carnival) CI3. It is safe to expect that in the 2013 financial statements, Carnival Corporation will over once again report incident expenses not cover by insurance and possibly higher ones due to the Triumph ship incident CI4.Although Carnivals decline in operating income is significant, Royal Caribbeans 56% decline truly is worrying. Even though Royal Caribbean had nothing to do with the Costa ship incident, there were substantiative consequences that takeed the company. Royal Caribbean had to report a $413. 9 million impairment injustice because booking volumes and pricing are down substantially in Spain due to the seismic disturbance of additional austerity measures there, the lingering impact of the Costa Concordia tragedy and other factors(Royal Caribbean).Now lets compare the two companies in terms of efficiency generating profit. The profit allowance account ratio shows how more after-tax profits are generated by each dollar of sales (Kennon). It is a good indicator of how efficiently a company manages its resources and how well it keeps be under control. Carnival Corporation has an 8% profit brink. In other words, of every(prenominal) dollar that the company receives from sales, only eighter from Decatur cents represent profit. With expenses increasing more than revenues each year, a low profit margin represents another sign of potential unprofitability.However, taking into consideration Royal Caribbeans 0. 2% profit margin, which subject matter that they keep more than less than a penny for every dollar they sell, Carnival Corporation is playing much bette r than Royal Caribbean. Off course, there are additional expenses that are not calculated in operating income like interest and tax expenses. It is worth mentioning that carnival corporation currently does not pay any U. S. federal income taxes because it qualifies for the benefits of section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code (Carnival). Section 883 basically states that some non-U.S. corporations that generate income from the operation of ships are not subject to federal income tax in the United States (Carnival). However, the gag rule of this tax loophole could become a potential threat for Carnival, as it would significantly strike their net income in subsequent years CI 5. Senator Jay Rockefeller of West Virginia confronted representatives of the cruise industry in a hearing conk out year (Walker). Senator Rockefeller questioned why Carnival, a company that sells to many American and extensively benefits from the resources of xl U. S. ederal agencies, gets to pay no federal i ncome taxes (Walker). Lets analyze the Debt to Asset ratio, measured with total assets and total liabilities. Carnival Corporation has a 38% Debt to Asset ratio which by itself represents an okay picture. More specifically this means that debt was used to finance 38% of the assets. On the other hand, Royal Caribbean has a 58% debt to asset ratio which indicates that the company may run into problems borrowing more notes in the future. For its debt, Carnival salaried $336 million in interest in 2012, a healthy amount compared to the $2. 3 billion operating income (Kennon).Operating income divided by interest expense gives us interest reporting ratio, which indicates problems when it is below 1. 5 (Kennon). barely carnival has a 4. 8 interest coverage ratio which means that there is still room for earnings to decrease before the company would default on bonds and loans for not being able to keep up with interest (Kennon). But will Carnival be able to see to it short liabilities ? The current ratio is short-term indicator of the companys ability to pay its short-term liabilities from short-term assets how much of current assets are usable to cover current liabilities (Kennon).A healthy current ratio is greater than 2, but for Carnival Corporations is only 0. 25 which indicates that opposition current obligation could be a problem for the company (Kennon). But again we see that Royal Caribbean may have a bigger of a problem since their current ratio is only 0. 08. other important factor to point out from the financial statements is that operating cash flows show a declining trend. From 2011 to 2012, cooperating cash flows declined 20%.What this means is that unless the current trends change, the company may start running out of cash and become unable to fulfill its obligations, which could lead the company into filing for bankruptcy. Interestingly, Royal Caribbeans cash flows also declined 20%. However, it is worth mentioning that cruise companies have t he advantage of receiving money for honorary revenues because cruise tickets are generally paid in advance. Its like acquire loans at 0% interest. Another important figure to analyze is fee per Share (EPS), which is especially important to stockholders.Carnivals $1. 67 EPS means that if net income was divided amongst all outstanding shares, investors would receive $1. 67 per each share owned. Although a good EPS does not of necessity represent company strength or weakness, its changes feign the price of a companys stock and thereof it is one of the most looked at figures by investors (Kennon). Based on EPS only, Royal Caribbean may not be an attractive extract of stock since their EPS is only $0. 08. Corporate Resources Marketing Product ( help) Carnival sells cruise tickets for vacations around the globe.Although Carnival markets the hump on the cruises as the vacation destination, their ships go to hundreds of destinations worldwide. Carnival sells numerous products and work onboard either directly or through independent concessionaries from which a delegacy is collected. Some of the onboard products and dishs byeed that are not included in the ticket price include liquor and some non-alcoholic drink sales, shore excursions, casino gaming, introduce shop class sales, photo sales, full service spas, dialogue services, art sales, a wide variety of dining woofs and laundry services (Carnival).Moreover, Carnival offers shore excursions and activities, and depending on the destinations, it owns or has spot in hotels where customers are offered a roost in a vacation package. In addition, carnival owns or rentals private islands where it operates among other things, beach bars and restaurants, water sports, tack lifts, cabana rentals and a surf rider attractive force (Carnival). Promotion Carnivals annual report states that each of its brands has comprehensive advertising programs knowing to attract the local market. The principal mean(a)s used for merchandising and advertising are television, magazine, radio, outdoor billboards, direct mail, e-mail, online websites, online advertising and mixer media (carnival). Social medias utilize are facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Pinterest. In 2012, Carnivals facebook pages reached over five million likes. In addition, Carnival has past guest light programs designed to give past guests incentives such as reduced prices and gifts in order to create customer loyalty.Price by its many brands, ships, and packages, Carnival claims to provide an option for every generation, taste, lifestyle, and off course, cypher. The company categorizes their cruise experiences as contemporary, bounteousness, and luxury. A contemporary experience is the cheapest and most casual alternative, lasting a week or less. A premium experience is designed for experienced consumers with an tenseness on quality, comfort and style and lasts from a week to two weeks.The most high-ticket(prenominal) alte rnative is the luxurious, which provides high standards of accommodation and service in a smaller cruise. All cruise tickets include dining and amusement but other options are available at additional prices. Carnivals brands all offer special promotions, early booking or past guest realisation programs that reduce the regular price of a vacation. But regardless of the character reference of experience and discounts taken, cruise ticket prices can vary due to many factors including ingest and season.To have little bit of an idea of prices we went through the steps of booking a vacation on carnivals website. The first thing we noticed on the carnival-U. S. website was a sale of up to $200 off + free upgrades for 3-5 day sailings or up to $four hundred off + free upgrades for 6+ day sailings. Using this sale, for travel in July and departing from Miami on a cruise to Bahamas, the cheapest alternative per person came out to be $330. On the other hand, high-end vacations can cost tho usands of dollars. Place Consumers can always book their cruise vacation directly on the companys website.But according to Carnival Corporation, their cruise vacations are sold mainly through travel agents, including wholesalers, general sales agents and tour operators that serve our guests in their local markets (Carnival). Accordingly, the company puts a lot of emphasis on their family with travel agents. Carnival provides additional agency incentives to travel agents in order to impel them to sell more of carnivals vacations. Carnival also provides agents with educational beams such as training seminars, online courses, and videos for them to better understand and sell Carnivals products and services (Carnival). . TASK ENVIRONMENT Threat of sunrise(prenominal) Entrants specialty * Economies of scale expansion of current companies is the greatest weapon against naked as a jaybird entrants. The few leading companies, Carnival, Royal Caribbean, Disney, purchase or build larg er ships or speed up older ships. Carnival, the leading giant of the industry, As of January 2011, the company operated 98 cruise ships with a passenger mental object of 191,464 berths. The company operates through four segments North America cruise brands Europe, Australia and Asia (EAA) cruise brands cruise support and tour and other. (Global hotels, 2012) * governance regulations as a global industry, it is very backbreaking for political relation of any particular countries to impose regulations. Therefore lack of enforcement or adherence to regulations regarding employment, safety, and health requirements make it less bureaucratic for a innovative entrant. * Capital requirements large capital is required to own and maintain a ship. * Product differentiation many companies offer a variety of solution cruises to attract or cater to different of necessity or preferences. It is an opportunity for a saucily comer although quite difficult to grasp. entrance fee to ports cann ot be so easily obtained. There are very few ports embarkations in populated cities. Giant companies sometimes share ownership of ports when they financially contribute with state regimen to build them. Rivalry medium high * Capacity emersion the cruise industry is driven by capacity maximization every square butt of space moldiness be utilized to accommodate and maximize the experience of the passenger. * Service characteristics cruises and ships are designed to cater to the various wants and preferences of different demographic around the world.Many cruise lines difference themselves by the amenities or destinations they provide or offer. This uniqueness in the service adds an edge to the competitive field. creative thinking is key in designing cruise themes that respond to or attract fallow market niches. * Rate of industry growth based on various reports the industry is growing at a much fainter pace in North America than Europe and Australia. The slow growth may be because of the economic downturn that we are facing or it may be the result of how difficult it is for the cruise industry to reach the wallets of more Americans. progeny of competitors the industry is somewhat fragmented and few competitors have a hand in multiple niches. Competition is very high in the industry because they are engagement for a bite of a pie that is already small. The companies try to maximize their revenues by oblation attractive prices and exotic destinations to customers. (Lester, Thyne, Weeden, 2011) * Switching cost can be high or low based on the type of cruise that is analyzed. Threat of Substitute Products or Services medium high * humans of substitutes land-based vacations are the biggest threat to the industry.The cost is half or one third less expensive, the vacationer has more control in land than over sea, greater mind of security towards land than sea. Although land rapture does not provide the sea experience that a cruise does, it is by farthestt her preferred to sea transportation. Also, a cruise is considered a luxury item and can be compared to the purchase or acquisition of luxurious items such as jewelry, elegant automobiles or whatever else discretionary money is used for. A cruise is not a necessity it is a choice, a reward or a gift to oneself or loved ones.The rating of medium high is mostly due because of the fact that choosing a cruise over a road trip, a flight, a hotel is find by preference and affordability. * Switching cost the only cost is the loss of the experience of the cruise. Power of Buyers medium low * As a luxury item, the cost of a cruise is not negotiable. The lookout of a high cost is lightly brushed with the promise that a cruise will not drain a savings account. The buyer does not have a significant influence on the price. Prices are more inelastic than elastic. Backward consolidation is quite impossible, the capital necessary to lease or purchase a ship is over tens of thousands dollars. Av erage passengers cannot afford it. * substitute(a) suppliers do exist but high product differentiation does not allow the buyer to compare oranges with oranges, more potential the buyer has a choice mingled with grapes or oranges. Moreover, the same company under different names may offer different theme or figure cruise. Cruise companies own more than one cruise lines, therefore choosing one cruise line over another may not represent a competitors advantage.Carnival and Royal Caribbean cater to different income brackets, Windstar offers exotic destinations for adventurers, Disney Cruise Lines are more family oriented. (Deep sea, 2012). * Due to the hefty price of a cruise, the buyer has a high expectation about the service. The demands and expectations of buyers greatly influence the selling techniques and expansion projects that cruise companies undertake. Brand recognition is a magnet to create and keep on customers and helps increase demands. Power of Suppliers medium high * Supplier dominance only a few companies build ships, provide staff and services to cruise companies. Forward consolidation for suppliers is less likely but cacuminal integrating for the cruise line industry is highly possible. Carnival uses slow integration to reduce costs and retain control of how its ships are built. * Product and services that the suppliers provide to cruise lines is very unique and specific to that industry switching cost is high. What these suppliers make or produce can only be sold to the cruise industry. * Economies of scale purchasing industry is very important to the supplier. All the major cruise companies own at least 5 to 10 cruise lines which strengthen their purchasing power.However, there are not that many suppliers to choose from. Having limited purchasing options, increases the power of the suppliers. carnal knowledge Power of Other Stakeholders very high * Special interest groups environmental activists voice their concerns to the industry an d directing their attention to fuel emissions, waste water dumping and few others. Thousands gallons of sewage and water bathroom water are discharged untreated in the ocean daily. Onboard observers are placed on ships that use ports in Alaska to ensure that sewer water is sanitized before being dumped in the ocean (Klein, 2011).In his obligate, Klein also indicated in his article that the daily fuel emission of one cruse ship could be equivalent of that of thousands of cars. * incorruptible customers their perception regarding the safety of the industry affects their decision about whether to use discretionary money on a cruise or elsewhere. It also taints their views of the brand recognition. They are less likely to refer that cruise line or to become repeat customers. * sound agencies most cruises are sold and announce by travel agencies.Travel agencies are expound by Cruise Lines International companionship (CLIA, 2011) as the distribution channel oblation the best servi ce to the cruise industry. * Government regulations even though some of the big companies have headquarters in the USA, they are incorporated in Antillean territories such as Panama, Bahamas, and Virgin Islands. Doting a ship with a flag registered in countries like Liberia and Panama, becomes a convenient vitiateance tool that shields the cruise companies from adhering to labor and environmental laws, health and safety regulations, and most importantly avoid paying corporate taxes. Airlines industry they provide means of transportation to different ports (from one state or one region to another), when airfares are high, it adds to the cost of transportation to a port. To overcome this dependence more ports are being built in areas that can be driven to. * Local communities when a cruise ship arrives at a destination, the community of that foreign location receives the passengers. How passengers and the cruise line are received affect how the cruise experience is perceived. * Glob al custody many describe the work environment as sweat ship and it does not project positively on the companies.In the cruise industry, employees are in contact with passengers 24 hours a day and for several days an unhappy or miserable employee is contagious. It does affect indirectly the bottom line of the company. want of respect, living quarters, rigorous demands of the job, being underpaid, lyric poem and culture differences separate the cruise manpower from the visibles and the invisibles. The cruise industry is part of the service sector an unhappy, mistreated, undervalued work force does not contribute to a pleasant experience for the passenger (Agaard, Larsen, Marnburg, 2012). SWOT ANALYSISStrengths1- wide variety of theme cruises circumstance answer 6 2- largest ship capacity causal agency issue 63- backward integration4- heavily invest in marketing side issue 65- experienced managenent issue issue 1, 3 4 Weaknesses1- Corporate culture regarding ship workforc e subject area issue 12- PR handling of current sea tragedies movement issue 3 43- HR employee training and recruitment Case issue 1 Opportunities1- partnership with travel agencies Case issue 62- leader in environment protection safety Case issue 3 43- Adopt a global standard of ethics conduct Case issue 14- develop a positive rapport with ship workers Case issue 15- treat labor force as valuable contributors Case issue 1 Threats1- Extra costs (taxes, unsullied waste water) Case issue 52- slow growth of North American market3- workforce motif Case issue 14- land-based transportation and hotel resorts Case issue 65- brand recognition mudded by sea tragedies Case issue 3 4 MODIFIED TOWSSO comprehend referencing * The capability of backward integration puts Carnival in a better position to build ships that are safer friendlier to the environment while controlling costs. S3, O2 Case issue 3 4 * Experienced management can develop standards that could help improve the workforc e environment on board. S5, O3, O4, O5 Case issue 1 * Sharing marketing techniques with travel agents may improve and strengthen their relationship. O4, S1 WO home run referencing * The tone starts at the top. A workforce that feels valued and adequately paid strengthens the base of any company. W1, O3, O4, O5 Case issue 1 * carry outs speak louder than words. W2, O2, Case issue 3 4 * Treating employees as valuable contributors helps HR in their recruitment strategy.W3, O5 Case issue 1 ST Cross referencing * Experienced management can use their expertise to create a working environment that empowers and values the ship employees. S5, T3 Case issue 1 * Marketing techniques is the best weapon to undermine the threat of substitutes and clean the brand. S4, T2, T4. T5 WT Cross referencing * When esprit de corps is low, the ship may sink. Employees are the foundation of companies, the weaker the base, the less solid is the company. W1, W3, T3 Case issue 1 * A PR is the voice of the c ompany. subsequently a tragedy, responsibility, reassurance, and compensation is key in re-building confidence. The opposite drills the hole deeper. W2, T4, T5 Case issue 3 4 5. EVALUATE STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES selection 1Pause/ lapse with Caution Strategy Proceed with wariness until they are able to evaluate how the modern font-sprung(prenominal) tax and fuel regulations will affect the company and how to go about decrease lawsuits due to employee exploitation and onboard guest safety. (CI 1, 3, 4, 5) Pros * Customers will continue to do business with Carnival if they feel that they are working to improve the ships safety. * Employees put onwards more effort if they do not feel as though the company is taking advantage of them and increased motivation from the staff can increase the companys bottom line. Cons * Only making small changes gives the contest a fortuity to catch up. * Nothing can be done to stop naked regulations, so the company is bound to lose profits if ther e is an increase to fuel prices and taxes. Alternative 2No-Change Strategy Since Carnival Corporation PLC has the largest ship and passenger capacity in the cruise industry with many diverse brands they can continue to do what they have been doing and hope they remain ahead of the opposition even with the replacement of Mr. Arison in the future (CI 2). Pros * Carnival is already one of the most profitable cruising companies with a 47% market share in the UK, 68% in Italy, 51% in Germany and 45% in France, so they are dominating the global market competing mainly with Royal Caribbean. * Doing nothing new gives the company time to fix some of the current issues. Cons * Competition could pass and take control of market if Carnival sits lazily by especially with growing customer concerns about safety of the ships. Profits are already decreasing from previous years so doing nothing new could keep the company from enjoying profits that could be acquired with groundbreaking ideas. Alter native 3 Horizontal fruit Concentration Strategy Carnival can increase operations in the current European market as well as range out to new regions (CI 6). Pros * Carnival derives a majority of its revenue ( nigh 52%) from US customers which is currently on the decline, so it would be beneficial to pink into other markets around the world. * Carnival already has market presence in Europe, so it would not be as difficult to increase capacity in that region as opposed to starting fair somewhere else. Cons The value of the dollar against Euro comprehended from 1. 60 in January 2010 to 1. 53 by April 2010 against the Pound. If the dollar strengthens it would record lower revenue than is actually earned. * The European economy is also faltered, so profits are not guaranteed and an increase in operations could kind of cause a company lose. testimonial I would recommend that Carnival take with the pause and proceed with caution strategy for at least 1 to 2 years. This would give t hem time to get the company back in line with the tendency of earlier business days when the safety and satisfaction of customers and employees came before the profits of the corporation (CI 1,3).Once they are back on extend I would then recommend for Carnival to go forward with the horizontal growth. It is in their best interest to reach out to untapped markets particularly since there is a decline in the current US regions and they are looking for ways to increase revenues since Carnival is only currently reaching 20% of the total US market (CI 6). Growing horizontally in any market has significant financial implications for a cruise company. Considering that the newest Carnival Dream-class ships cost $740 million each (Shipcruise. org), it is a very expensive strategy to implement. In addition, the company would have to engage in research, planning, training, and marketing activities which can be very costly.Because Carnivals balance sheet shows $465 million in cash, it will mo st likely be necessary for the company to borrow money to finance their growth. But borrowing money would not cause any problems for Carnival Corporation because as we analyzed earlier, the company has a healthy interest coverage ratio which measures the ability to pay interest on outstanding debt (Kennon). Although it is costly and risky, spend the money to expand into new and existing markets now, Carnival would have the potential to increase its revenues in the future years to outset the increasing costs. Carnival is already in the process of building two new ships to be entered to service in 2013 and 2014 and estimates that these two new ships will increase their passenger capacity by 19% (Carnival).Also, a continuous growth by the largest company in the industry could drive some of its competitors out of business and capture a larger market segment. 6-A. Implementation After an extensive in-depth review of the Carnival Corporation PLC, it is apparent, as with any large corpo ration it has many strengths and weaknesses. Carnival and its subsidiaries have a dominating nearly 50% market share and strong support base among its customers. With plenty of loyal customers, and many recognizable and respected brands it wouldappear to have fewproblems. However, despite all the good attributes, several recent negative events have arisen concerning bothsafety and corporate concerns, which have agitate the company and its shareholders. 6-B.What must be done? 1. shareholder Confidence 2. safe annoyances 3. Improvements and New Ship twist Action step duty Start-End monetary impacts Questions? Concern WHO? WHEN? HOW much? What Must be done? 1. shareowner Confidence Micky Arison (CEO), Upper Management 4/1/13-Ongoing run into Future Earnings 2. Safety Concerns Upper Management,Howard S. Frank (COO) 4/1/13- 12/31/13 Cost of Training and current safety assessment 3. Improvements and New Ship Building Upper Management, Design Team,David Bernstein ( CFO) 4/1/13- 4/1/16 inured budget for cost of researchShareholder Confidence everywhere the last 5 years Carnivals stock price hascollapsed. Granted, the worldwide economy has endured one of the worst periods in history, but In 2008 the stock was employment roughly 15% higher than what it is today, and between that time it fell as much as 70% to the 2009 lows. I retrieve Micky Arison (CEO) should be focusing on how to re-energize and grow the company in the face of some very difficult times. I reckon this could be achieved by continuing to expand to new entrant markets in Asia, Europe and Australia. The United States has been saturated for some time, with little growth and shrinking profit margins due to rambunctious competition.In addition the company must provide a great experience for clientele in order to ensure repeat business, which is essential to Carnivals success. Safety Concerns Over the last couple years Carnival has experienced several bad events and even worse pub licity. This has caused many to suspect wrong doings and create concerns over safety. Incidents like the MS Costa Concordia in 2012, which was one of the worstdisasters in modern cruising history, in which 34 people were killed and the ship was a total loss cost nearly 600 million dollars are a incubus for a cruise line. In a more recent case, the Carnival Triumph endured an engine fire disabling the ship and causing the boat to be desolate at sea for several days.Although no one was hurt, itcaused a severe cark to the passengers and junto. Tales of rotten food and overflowing toilets ran for several days on international media. Safety should always be of utmost concern with any industry. The last thing people want or need is to have a feeling of insecurityon a vacation. Cruises overall have been very safe for many years but still in the back of many peoples minds the thought of the big lingers. Carnival take to make sure people know that safety isthe top priority of the Carni val Corporation. Although it shouldnt be pushed to the point where people get scared, it unquestionably ask to be continuously addressed.Carnival needs to constantly implement the most modern safety techniques and they must educate the crew how to keep passengers as safe as possible. Improvements and New Ship Building Because of the fierce competition in the cruise industry it is vital to constantly upgrade older ships and build larger and more plummy new ships with more features and amenities. A new trend in the industry over the last couple decades is to build bigger and bigger ships. Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean have been very successful over the last decade by initially building100,000 Gross piles ships. Since then the Oasis Class that is well over 200,000 Gross Tons has been put in service. Carnival and its subsidiaries arent necessarily building the biggest ships but they are uilding larger ones as well. I believe this is very important because more and more people are going on cruises for the frolic rather than the ports. Many cruise goers are like the typical individual who want the newest and the best and this is the reason it is pivotal for Carnival to keep up with the new trends of constant upgrades and services. 6-C. How should it be put into action? Action Steps Responsibility Start-End Financial impacts Questions? Concern WHO? WHEN? HOW MUCH? How should it be put in action? Micky Arison (CEO), Howard S. Frank (COO), Upper Management 4/1/13 Determine budget in conjunction with finance dept. Concerning safety, it must be a top priority to follow the standard government mandated procedures, which are attached to the entire Cruise Industry. Carnival can go above and beyond this by simple measures such as drills and employee training. They can go beyond the recommend amount of life jacket and lifeboat requirements. I believe the biggest concern is to hold top officials such as the police chief responsible for such disasters as the MS Costa Concordia. Carnival is doing a great job in terms of ship building and upgrades. They have kept up with the competition so in my personal opinion I believe the company needs to make security a given so that passengers focus on the amenities of the cruise ship.The company should also take guest recommendations seriously and look at what competitors such as Royal Caribbean are doing in newer ships and follow as well. As for the Shareholders it is important for Carnival to insure that it is strong and well managed, generating consistent profits and growth. This is very important to any shareholder and I believe this can be achieved by expanding to new markets inAsia, Europe and Australia. Logistics is also important to have available ships to move to these new ports to expand. 6-D. Who should do it and when should it take place? Action Steps Responsibility Start-End Financial impacts Questions? Concern WHO? WHEN? HOW MUCH? Who Should Do it and when should it take place? Micky Arison (CEO) Howard S. Frank (COO), Upper Management, 4/1/13 Determine budget in conjunction with finance dept. Carnival and its subsidiaries future expansion and safety goals need to be implemented and enforced at senior management levels in order for the employees to know that it truly is important to the companys success. It takes a strong leader to do whats necessary for future growth and endure off new fierce competition within the industry. It is important to start as soon as possible because the competitors within the industry will try to take advantage of Carnivals recent problems.I believe safety is a big concern with two major issues within a year of each other. This has brought bad press and will most likely follow up with loss of customers in the future. 6-E How much will it cost? Action Steps Responsibility Start-End Financial impacts Questions? Concern WHO? WHEN? HOW MUCH? How much will it Cost? Upper Management,Micky Arison (CEO),David Bernstein (CFO) 4/ 1/13 Set budget for cost of research Modern cruise shipscost no less then 250 million dollars, with the most expensive costing well over 1 billion dollars. Carnival as well as the rest of the industry has absorbed these costs by constantly upgrading ships every year or two rather then building many ships at once.They also have sold older ships to other cruise lines, or even created new cruise lines with their older ships to cut costs and continue making more money with new locations around the world. As far as safety is a concerned it shouldnt cost much considering a large amount of the cost of new cruise ships is equipping them with the most modern safety equipment available. It is very important for the employees be able to use and know this safety equipment because it is worthless if the staff doesnt know how to use such equipment. Work Cited Carnival PLC. (2012, March 03). Carnival corporatoion plc 2012 annual report. Retrieved from http//phx. corporate-ir. et/phoenix. zhtml? c =140690p=irol-reportsother2 Carnival PLC. (2010, March 03). Carnival corporatoion plc 2010 sustainability report fiscal year 2010. Retrieved from http//phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=140690p=irol-sustainability_env Carnival Corporation PLC. 2012 Annual Report. Washington, DC. 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